Ideal electrical component
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Ideal electrical components are conceptual generalizations that represent real electrical components such as resistors or voltage sources with idealized properties. By selecting a small number of such fictitious, highly defined components, real components can be described in a differentiated manner using equivalent circuit diagrams , and manageable methods for analyzing complex electrical networks can be obtained.
Real and ideal components
In contrast to their idealizations, real components are basically a set of many properties. A real electrical conductor, for example, has, in addition to its electrical conductivity, not only other measurable, but possibly also practically not negligible attributes such as its electrical capacitance or inductance, but also those that relate to the material properties, the environment factors such as temperature or non-physical Sizes such as the price, availability, etc.
Depending on the purpose, one or the other characteristics of a real component are important. The concept of ideal building elements is based on abstraction, i. H. the proposed removal of all properties that are not relevant at the moment, typically in favor of a single electrical quantity , such as resistance, which is then represented by an idealized element.
For a specific purpose, such as a specific analytical modeling of circuits, a small number of different types of ideal elements is sufficient, so that a degree of closure is created especially in connection with the conclusiveness of the method based on it, but which must always be assessed against the background of the respective purpose is. As a consequence of such a selection, for example, the element of the electrical conductor (and thus the property of conductivity) as a mere peripheral phenomenon can be completely omitted and only represented as a topology , interconnection , i.e. ideal wire .
Conversely, ideal components that are no longer represented by any real electrical component, such as the nullator or the norator , can prove useful for the analysis .
This concept is used analytically in network analysis .
Ideal elements
A typical selection of ideal bipoles for modeling any electrical components or circuits consists of:
- Three passive elements (resistance, capacitance and inductance)
- Two uncontrolled sources (for current and voltage)
Typical ideal two-port (four-pole) are, however:
- The Nullor as an ideal operational amplifier
- Controlled sources as ideal active components
- The ideal transformer as a galvanically decoupling and transforming element
- Ideal impedance converters (e.g. NIC and gyrators ) for transforming and converting impedances
Symbols for ideal elements
In circuit diagrams , ideal components are symbolized by the same symbols as their real equivalents, if they exist. Whether an ideal or a real component is meant can only be seen from the context.
Modeling real elements
The loss of detail that may have occurred due to the omission of properties can then be recovered by combining ideal elements to form a suitable equivalent circuit diagram, following the specific purposes. A typical example of this is the pair of opposites between ideal and real voltage sources . An example of how ideal elements are used for modeling (amplifiers) can be found in the article on operational amplifiers .
literature
- Michael Reisch: Electronic components. Function, basic circuits, modeling with SPICE. 2nd, completely revised edition. Springer, Berlin et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-34014-0 .