J. Jayalalithaa

J. Jayalalithaa (2014)

J. Jayalalithaa ( Tamil : ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா Je. Jeyalalitā [ dʒejəˈlalid̪aː ], also Jayalalitha Jayaram ; born February 24, 1948 in Melukote ; † December 5, 2016 in Chennai ) was an Indian politician and actress . Her followers mostly called her Amma ( அம்மா Ammā [ ˈamːaː ]), which means “mother” in Tamil. After a career in the southern Indian film industry, Jayalalithaa began a political career in 1981 in the regional party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) in the state of Tamil Nadu, founded by her long-time film partner MG Ramachandran . After Ramachandran's death in 1987, she took over the management of the AIADMK. From 1991 to 1996, with interruptions from 2001 to 2006 and again with interruptions from 2011 until her death in 2016, she was Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

Life

childhood

Jayalalithaa was on 24 February 1948 for the village Melukote in the district Mandya in today's state of Karnataka born. She came from a family of Tamil Brahmins from the Iyengar caste . Her father Jayaram, a lawyer, died when she was only two years old. Her mother Vedavalli then moved to Bangalore . Jayalalithaa spent most of her childhood with her grandparents in Mysore and with her aunt in Bangalore. Her aunt Vidyavathi , who played Nagaiah's directorial debut En Veedu (1953), among others , brought Jayalalithaa's mother into contact with the Tamil film industry in Chennai (Madras). Under the screen name Sandhya this earned the family income as a supporting actress. In 1958 Jayalalithaa followed her mother to Chennai. In her childhood she took Bharatnatyam lessons. She left school early to support the family by working in the film business.

Film career

She made her film debut at the age of 13 under the direction of Shankar V. Giri in the English-language film Epistle (1961). She made her first experiences in Kannada films , of which BR Panthulus Chinnada Gombe (1964) was a great success. In 1965 Jayalalithaa made her debut in Tamil film ( CV Sridhars Vennira Adai ) and in Telugu film ( K. Pratyagatmas Manasulu Mamathalu ). She became the star of the Telugu film as a vamp in G. Krishna's James Bond cut Goodachari 116 (1966). In 1965 she starred in Panthulus Ayirathil Oruvan for the first time with MG Ramachandran - the star with whom she was most closely connected in both her film and later political career. At the height of her film career between 1967 and 1970, she starred in almost every M. G. Ramachandran film, including Thaikku Thalaimagan (1967), Kanavan (1968), Pudhiya Bhoomi (1968), Adimai Penn (1969), Mattukkara Velan (1969), Nam Naadu (1969) and Engal Thanga (1970). The 1972 Pattikada Pattanama , in which she played alongside Sivaji Ganesan and Manorama and won several Indian film awards, was also successful . Like Ramachandran, she retired from film work after 1977. In 1992 she played herself again as Chief Minister in a supporting role in Neenga Nalla Erukkanum .

Start of political career

Jayalalithaa's film partner MG Ramachandran has been politically active in the Tamil regional party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) since the 1950s . In 1972 he founded his own party, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), as a spin-off from DMK. In the state elections in 1977 the AIADMK trumped the DMK, which had ruled until then, and Ramachandran became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. In 1982 Jayalalithaa also went into politics and joined the AIADMK. With the support of MG Ramachandran, she soon became an influential member of the party. In 1983 she was appointed propaganda secretary of the AIADMK. From 1984 to 1989 she represented the party in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the all-India parliament.

MG Ramachandran died on December 24, 1987, while still in office, after a long illness. Immediately after his death, a bitter succession dispute broke out in the AIADMK between Jayalalithaa and MG Ramachandran's widow Janaki Ramachandran , who, although politically completely inexperienced, was appointed as his successor in the office of Chief Minister. At Ramachandran's funeral, Jayalalithaa was forcibly pushed away from Ramachandran's coffin by Janaki's supporters. The AIADMK split into two factions under the leadership of Janaki and Jayalithaas. In the face of political chaos, the Indian central government overturned Janaki after just 24 days in office, and Tamil Nadu state was placed under President's Rule for a year . In the new election in January 1989, the AIADMK, which was split into two factions, was subject to the DMK, but Jayalalithaa's faction emerged much stronger than Janakis. Jayalalithaa had given up her parliamentary seat in the Rajya Sabha to run for the Tamil Nadu parliament and became an opposition leader in Tamil Nadu as a result of the election . After the election, Janaki Ramachandran withdrew from politics and the two AIADMK factions unified under the leadership of Jayalalithaa.

First term as Chief Minister (1991–1996)

Jayalalithaa bestows an award during her first term (1993)

In January 1991 M. Karunanidhi's DMK government was dismissed by the Indian central government on the grounds that it tolerated the activities of the Sri Lankan Katamil terrorist organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Tamil Nadu. During the following President's Rule period, former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and 17 other people were murdered by an LTTE suicide bomber at an election rally in Sriperumbudur . In the new election that followed, the voters made the DMK jointly responsible for Gandhi's death, so that the AIADMK was able to achieve a huge victory. As a result of the election, Jayalalithaa was sworn in for the first time on June 25, 1991 in the office of Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Her first term saw the introduction of a number of popular welfare programs, as well as allegations of corruption resulting from her overtly flaunted wealth. In the next state election in May 1996, the AIADMK therefore suffered a severe election defeat. Jayalalithaa herself also lost to the DMK candidate in her constituency. As a result of the election, the DMK returned to the government under the leadership of Karunanidhi.

In December 1996, Jayalalithaa was arrested on a number of corruption charges and was detained for 30 days. The legal processing of the allegations should take years. In the run-up to the all-India parliamentary election in 1998 , Jayalalithaa terminated the longstanding electoral alliance of the AIADMK with the Congress Party and allied with the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). After the election victory of the BJP, the AIADMK participated in the all-Indian government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Jayalalithaa tried through her newly gained influence to persuade the central government to overthrow the DMK government in Tamil Nadu. The BJP, however, denied Jayalalithaa's request and accused her of trying to avoid prosecution for the corruption allegations against her. Thereupon the AIADMK withdrew after only 13 months from the all-Indian government, which was the trigger for the new election in 1999 .

Return to the office of Chief Minister (2001-2006)

The processing of the corruption allegations against Jayalithaa dragged on. In 2000 she was found guilty in two cases in the first instance but was on appeal. Nevertheless, the AIADMK managed to win the parliamentary elections in Tamil Nadu in May 2001 against the DMK. As a result of the election, Jayalithaa returned to the post of Chief Minister on May 14, 2001. In September of the same year, however, the Supreme Court of India ruled that her election was void because of the criminal charges pending against her. Jayalalithaa therefore had to resign on September 21, 2001. As her successor she determined the political newcomer O. Panneerselvam , who had no ambitions of his own and presented himself obediently as a loyalist Jayalalithaas during his tenure. In December of the same year Jayalalithaa was acquitted in the next instance and was able to run in a by-election for the Tamil Nadu parliament in February 2002 . On March 2, 2002, Panneerselvam resigned and Jayalithaa became Chief Minister again.

As in the previous elections, the official penalty was applied again in the next parliamentary election in Tamil Nadu in May 2006. Because of the majority suffrage in India , a relatively small number of swing voters can have a decisive influence on the election result. Jayalalithaa's government was voted out of office and Karunanidhi succeeded it as chief minister.

Third and fourth terms as Chief Minister (2011-2016)

J. Jayalalithaa with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2012)

The pendulum swung again in the parliamentary elections in Tamil Nadu in May 2011. The DMK government, confronted with allegations of corruption, was voted out of office and Jayalalithaa returned to the office of Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on May 16, 2011. During the legislative term that followed, her government introduced a number of popular welfare measures. In the run-up to the all-India parliamentary elections in 2014 , Jayalalithaa were said to have ambitions for the office of Indian Prime Minister . In the event of a stalemate between the two major national parties, the Congress Party and the BJP, she would have had a chance to be elected as a compromise candidate from a third front made up of left-wing and regional parties. Ultimately, however, the BJP won a clear election, so Jayalalithaa was unable to convert the AIADMK's extremely good election result in Tamil Nadu into political influence in New Delhi.

The legal processing of the corruption allegations that affected Jayalalithaa's first term in office was still ongoing. On September 27, 2014, a Bangalore Special Court found her guilty and sentenced her to four years in prison. As a result of the verdict, she was removed from the office of Chief Minister. As in 2001, her successor was her loyalist O. Panneerselvam. Jayalalithaa was released on bail on October 14, 2014. Jayalalithaa appealed the verdict. On May 11, 2015, the Karnataka High Court overturned Jayalalithaa's conviction and acquitted her on all charges. With that the way to the office of Chief Minister was free again. After Panneerselvam willingly resigned, Jayalalithaa was sworn in again as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on May 23, 2015. In a by-election on June 23, 2015, she was re-elected to Tamil Nadu's parliament with 151,000 votes and a record turnout of 74%. Your strongest opponent won 9710 votes. The previous AIADMK constituency delegate resigned in May 2015 to clear this constituency for a by-election.

In the parliamentary elections in Tamil Nadu in May 2016, AIADMK succeeded in repeating its 2011 election victory. This was the first time in 32 years that a ruling government in Tamil Nadu had been re-elected. In contrast to previous elections, the AIADMK did not conclude any alliances with other parties, but instead put up its own candidates in all constituencies. Political observers identified the welfare programs initiated by Jayalalithaa during the previous legislative period as the main reasons for the AIADMK's election victory. Jayalalithaa was sworn in again as Chief Minister on May 23, 2016.

death

Jayalalithaa's flower-filled grave five days after her burial

On September 22, 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to a private hospital in Chennai. The official reasons given were fever and dehydration. A specialist was flown in from London to treat her . In early October, it was revealed that she was dependent on breathing assistance. During her hospital stay, reliable information about her state of health was scarcely leaked to the public as it was feared that her followers might resort to violence or self-harm. At least two people were arrested for spreading "false rumors" online about Jayalalithaa's health. On November 19, Jayalalithaa was transferred from intensive care to a normal ward. On December 2, it was said that Jayalalithaa was "fully recovered" and would soon be released from the hospital. On December 4th she suffered a heart attack , from the consequences of which she died on the evening of December 5th.

On the night of Jayalalithaa's death, O. Panneerselvam, who had previously been acting provisionally, was sworn in as her successor as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. On December 6th, Jayalalithaa received a state funeral in the presence of numerous political dignitaries, starting with Indian President Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narendra Modi . She was buried next to MG Ramachandran in his monumental tomb at the north end of Chennai's city beach Marina Beach . Although the traditions of her caste provide for cremation, she was buried like her predecessors MG Ramachandran and CN Annadurai , who also died in office .

Personal

Jayalalithaa was unmarried and childless. After her only brother Jayakumar passed away in 1990, she had no close relatives. Jayalalithaa had an extremely close relationship with her long-time film partner and political mentor MG Ramachandran .

Jayalalithaa was also closely connected with her confidante VK Sasikala . Sasikala and her husband Natarajan lived in Jayalalithaa's residence. Although she never held any political office, Sasikala appears to have had considerable influence behind the scenes on Jayalalithaa's politics. In December 2011 Jayalalithaa fell out with Sasikala and expelled her and twelve of her family members from AIADMK, apparently because they had planned an attempt to overthrow the party. In March 2012, however, Sasikala swore allegiance to Jayalalithaa and was rehabilitated. At Jayalalithaa's funeral, it was Sasikala who performed the final rituals with Jayalalithaa's nephew Deepak Jayakumar (the closest living male relative). Soon after Jayalalithaa's death, it became apparent that Sasikala would play an important role in politics. On December 29, 2016 she was appointed general secretary (party leader) of the AIADMK.

Political activity

Leadership style and public perception

Poster depicting Jayalalithaas (2013)

Wall painting with the Tamil lettering Amma in the party colors of the AIADMK (2011)

Jayalalithaa cultivated an extremely charismatic leadership style and was at the center of a pronounced personality cult . Her followers called her Amma ( அம்மா Ammā [ ˈamːaː ]), which means "mother" in Tamil. In the AIADMK rhetoric, she was also known as Puratchi Thalaivi ( புரட்சித்தலைவி Puraṭcittalaivi [ ˈpuɾʌʈʂiˌt̪ːalɛi̯ʋi ]) or "revolutionary leader", based on her predecessor MG Ramachandran, who had carried the male form of the same title. The veneration that her followers showed her was in part almost religious. It was common for other AIADMK politicians to throw themselves face down on the floor in front of her to show their devotion to her. Jayalalithaa's birthday was celebrated in the manner of a religious festival.

At the beginning of her political career Jayalalithaa drew her legitimacy mainly from her association with MG Ramachandran. Before her first election to the post of Chief Minister in 1991, she repeatedly promised in her campaign speeches to restore "MG Ramachandran's rule". Posters and larger-than-life cardboard figures (so-called cutouts ) of leading politicians, who shaped the cityscape of many Tamil Nadu cities in the 1990s, before their distribution was restricted by law , also play an important role in Tamil Nadu's political culture . In these visual representations, too, Jayalalithaa was usually shown in the early phase together with MG Ramachandran, often in a deferential pose. After her election as Chief Minister, on the other hand, she was almost always depicted alone, usually in a rigid, majestic pose in a frontal view. At the same time, Jayalalithaa also changed her public image. If she had previously worn saris , from now on she always dressed in a wide cloak in public. Choosing this item of clothing, unusual for Indian women, weakened the femininity and glamor of her appearance, thus emphasizing her authority. Jayalalithaa's very light skin color by South Indian standards also contributed to the public perception. Since fair skin is considered the ideal of beauty, it helped her rise to become a movie star. Visual representations of Jayalalithaas as a politician always emphasized her light skin color.

Welfare policy

Price list (with portrait of Jayalalithaas) of an Amma canteen in Chennai

Jayalalithaa represented a populist welfare policy that earned her great sympathy, especially among the poorer sections of the population. A practice operated by both the AIADMK and the DMK is the distribution of election gifts (so-called freebies ) to the population. For example, after her election victory in 2011, Jayalalithaa had free laptops distributed to all students in state and state-supported schools in Tamil Nadu. In an unprecedented way Jayalalithaa was able to link such welfare measures with her person. The 2013 introduction of “Amma canteens”, state-run restaurants that, under a portrait of Jayalalithaas, offer simple dishes at heavily subsidized prices, proved extremely popular. In 2016 there were already more than 300 Amma canteens in Tamil Nadu. A portion of rice with sambar was available here for five rupees (the equivalent of seven euro cents). The Amma canteens were followed by state-subsidized "Amma drinking water", "Amma salt" and "Amma cement" - all of which bear the portrait of Jayalalithaas.

The legacy of the Dravidian Movement

The roots of Jayalalithaa's party, the AIADMK, lie in the Dravidian movement , which formed in Tamil Nadu in the first half of the 20th century and postulated a separate identity for the Tamils ​​as “ Dravids ”, in contrast to the “ Aryans ” of northern India . The Dravidian movement also rejected religion and the caste system , and in particular opposed the assumed supremacy of the Brahmin caste . Jayalalithaa confessed to the legacy of the Dravidian Movement and placed himself in a line of tradition with the leaders of the Dravidian Movement. In 2015, after her return to the office of Chief Minister, she paid her respects to the monuments MG Ramachandrans, CN Annadurais and EV Ramasamis as the first official act . Nevertheless, Jayalalithaa, like her predecessor MG Ramachandran, had largely got rid of the ideology of the Dravidian movement. The very fact that Jayalalithaa, a Brahman, led a party that emerged from the anti-Brahmin Dravidian movement was already an anomaly. Jayalalithaa also made no bones about her religious attitude, even if she never put them on public display. In contrast to the DMK, Tamil nationalism hardly played a role in Jayalalithaa's rhetoric. Nonetheless, she campaigned strongly for federalism and for the assertion of Tamil Nadu's interests against the Indian central government.

Attitude to the Sri Lanka Conflict

Jayalalithaa changed her position several times over the course of time on the question of the Sri Lankan conflict , which heated up the tempers among Tamil nationalist circles in Tamil Nadu because of the ethnic kinship to the Tamils ​​living in Sri Lanka. After the civil war broke out in 1983, she expressed her solidarity with the cause of the extremist LTTE, which was demanding a separate state of Tamil Eelam for the Tamils ​​of Sri Lanka, and supported the admission of Sri Lankan Katamil refugees to Tamil Nadu. Following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991, Jayalalithaa turned against the LTTE and began seeing the refugees as potential terrorists. In view of the humanitarian catastrophe in the final phase of the civil war in 2009, Jayalalithaa turned around again and called on the Indian central government to take a tough line against the Sri Lankan government. In the following years she used anti-Sri Lankan sentiments several times, for instance by in 2013 Sri Lankan players participating in cricket matches of the Indian Premier League , which took place in Tamil Nadu, prohibited.

Rivalry with Karunanidhi

Jayalalithaa and the DMK party leader M. Karunanidhi , with whom she alternated several times as Chief Minister during the 1990s and 2000s, was linked by a political rivalry that sometimes bordered on personal enmity. After she returned to the office of Chief Minister in 2001, Jayalalithaa had Karunanidhi and a number of other DMK politicians arrested in a night-and-fog operation. The action was widely viewed as revenge for her arrest on corruption charges after she was voted out of office in 1996 and sparked a crisis between Tamil Nadu and India's central government, as two central government ministers were among those arrested. Jayalalithaa repeatedly reversed decisions made by Karunanidhi's previous government. During Karunanidhi's tenure between 2008 and 2010, a new parliament and government complex was built in Chennai. After her election victory in 2011, Jayalalithaa arranged for the institutions to move back to their old headquarters in Fort St. George and to convert the new building built by Karunanidhi into a “multi-super special hospital”.

Corruption allegations and conviction

After her first tenure as chief minister, allegations of corruption were raised against her because of her extremely opulent lifestyle. When she was arrested in 1996 in connection with these allegations, Tamil Nadu police confiscated about 30 kilograms of gold jewelry and jewels, more than 10,000 saris and 750 pairs of shoes from her. Jayalalithaa then tried to bring down the ongoing legal proceedings against them through political intrigue and extortion. When that failed, she announced the withdrawal of her party, the AIADMK, from the coalition government under Prime Minister Vajpayee . That was the immediate trigger for the new elections in 1999 .

After a court case that lasted a total of 18 years, J. Jayalalithaa was found guilty of embezzlement of 666.5 million rupees (almost 8 million euros ) by a special court in Bangalore on September 27, 2014 and thus lost her office as Chief Minister. O. Panneerselvam was her successor once again . Immediately after the verdict was pronounced, there were confrontations in Chennai between their supporters from the AIADMK and supporters of the rival Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). According to the verdict, J. Jayalalithaa and 3 co-defendants (Sasikala, Ilavarasi and Sudhakaran) were each serving 4 years in prison. J. Jayalalithaa was fined the equivalent of 12.6 million euros, the other three co-convicts were to pay 1.26 million euros each. She was released on bail on October 18, 2014.

On May 11, 2015, Jayalalithaa, along with three other defendants, was acquitted of unlawful enrichment charges on appeal by the Karnataka High Court in Bangalore. The charges were subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court . On February 14, 2017, the Supreme Court pronounced its verdict in the last instance. The Karnataka High Court acquittal was overturned. Jayalalithaa was found posthumously, along with the three co-defendants, guilty of having formed a "criminal conspiracy" to disguise and hide the wealth illegally acquired during her tenure as Chief Minister in a network of front organizations and bogus companies. The Supreme Court found in its verdict that Jayalalithaa had assets of 2.01 crore rupees (approximately € 240,000) in 1991, compared to 66.44 crore rupees (just under € 8 million) at the end of her term in 1996 be. Much of this was wealth obtained fraudulently.

Filmography

• 1961: Epistle
• 1961: Shrishaila Mahatme
• 1963: Manchi Roju Lostai
• 1964: Chinnada Gombe
• 1964: Mane Aliya
• 1964: Amarashilpi Jakanachari
• 1965: Vennira Adai
• 1965: Nanna Kartavya
• 1965: Ayirathil Oruvan
• 1965: Nope
• 1965: Manasulu Mamathalu
• 1965: Kannithai
• 1965: Mavana Magalu
• 1966: Motor Sundaram Pillai
• 1966: Muharassi
• 1966: Yar Nee
• 1966: Kumari Penn
• 1966: Chandrodyam
• 1966: Thanipiravi
• 1966: Major Chandrakant
• 1966: Gauri Kalyanam
• 1966: Mani Makudam
• 1966: Badukuva Daari
• 1966: Goodachari 116
• 1966: Ame Evaru
• 1966: Astiparulu
• 1966: Navarathri
• 1966: Kanni Pilla
• 1967: Thaikku Thalaimagan
• 1967: Kandan Karunai
• 1967: Arasa Kattali
• 1967: Madi Veetu Mappillai
• 1967: Raja Veetu Pillai
• 1967: Kavalkaran
• 1967: Naan
• 1967: Gopaludu Bhoopaludu
• 1967: Chikkadu Dorakudu
• 1968: Rahasiya Police 115
• 1968: Andru Kanda Mukham
• 1968: There Thiruvizha
• 1968: Kudiruntha Koil
• 1968: Galatta Kalyanam
• 1968: Panakara Pillai
• 1968: Kannan En Kathalan
• 1968: Moonrezuthu
• 1968: Bommalattam
• 1968: Pudhiya Bhoomi
• 1968: Kanavan
• 1968: Muthu Chippi
• 1968: Enga Ooru Raja
• 1968: Kadhal Vaghanam
• 1968: Oli Vilakku
• 1968: Sukha Dukhalu
• 1968: Niluvu Dopidi
• 1968: Brahmachari
• 1968: Tikka Shankaraiah
• 1968: Baghdad Gajadonga
• 1968: Izzat
• 1968: Attagaru Kottakodalu
• 1969: Adimai Penn
• 1969: Gurudakshinai
• 1969: Daivamagan
• 1969: Nam Naadu
• 1969: Shri Rama Katha
• 1969: Adrushtavanthalu
• 1969: Katha Nayakudu
• 1969: Gandikota Rahasyam
• 1969: Adarsha Kutumbam
• 1969: Kadaladu Vadaladu
• 1969: Mattukkara Velan
• 1970: Enga Mama
• 1970: En Annan
• 1970: Engal Thangam
• 1970: Engiruthu Vandhal
• 1970: Thedi Vantha Mappillai
• 1970: Anadhai Anandan
• 1970: Pathukappu
• 1970: Akkachellelu
• 1970: Ali Baba 40 Dongalu
• 1970: Shri Krishna Vijayam
• 1970: Dharmadatha
• 1971: Kumari Kottam
• 1971: Sumathi En Sundari
• 1971: Savale Samali
• 1971: Thanga Gopuram
• 1971: Annai Velanganni
• 1971: Adi Parasakthi
• 1971: Neerum Neruppum
• 1971: Oru Thai Makkal
• 1971: Bharya Biddalu
• 1971: Shri Krishna Satya
• 1972: Raja
• 1972: Thikkutheriyatha Kattil
• 1972: Raman Thediya Seethai
• 1972: Pattikada Pattanama
• 1972: Dharmam Enge
• 1972: Annamitta Kai
• 1972: Shakti Leela
• 1972: Neethi
• 1972: Akka Tammudu
• 1972: Devudamma
• 1973: Ganga Gauri
• 1973: Vandhale Magarasi
• 1973: Suryakanthi
• 1973: Pattikatu Ponnaiah
• 1973: Baghdad Perazhagi
• 1973: Devudu Chesina Manushulu
• 1973: Dr. Babu
• 1973: Jesus
• 1974: Thirumangalyam
• 1974: Thayi
• 1974: Vairam
• 1974: Anbu Thangai
• 1974: Anbai Thedi
• 1974: Premalu Pellilu
• 1975: Avalukku Ayiram Kangal
• 1975: Avanthan Manithan
• 1975: Pattam Bharathamum
• 1975: Yarukkum Vetkamillai
• 1976: Chitra Pournami
• 1976: Kanavan Manaivi
• 1977: Shri Krishna Leela
• 1977: Unnai Chutrumugalam
• 1980: Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal
• 1992: Neenga Nalla Erukkanu

Awards

• 2013: Appointment as an honorary member of the world chess federation FIDE

literature

• Kalyani Shankar; The Empress: The Dramatic Life of A Powerful and Enigmatic Leader. New Delhi: Bloomsbury, 2017.
• Vaasanthi: Amma. Jayalalithaa's Journey from Movie Star to Political Queen. New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2016.
• S. Bathla: "Gender Construction in the Media: A Study of Two Indian Women Politicians". In Asian Journal of Women's Studies 10.3 (2004).
• "Jayalalitha Jayaram". In: Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen: Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. P. 113.
• Preminda Jacob: "From Co-star to Deity: Popular Representations of Jayalalitha Jayaram". In: Women. A Cultural Review 8.3 (1997). Pp. 327-337. (Also published in Vidya Dehejia (Ed.): Representing the Body: Gender Issues in Indian Art, Delhi: Kali for Women, 1997.) doi: 10.1080 / 09574049708578322
• Christine Keating: "Maneuvering Gendered Nationalisms: Jayalalitha Jayaram and the Politics of Tamil Womanhood". In: Women & Politics 22.4 (2001). Pp. 69-88. doi : 10.1300 / J014v22n04_04

Web links

Commons : J. Jayalalithaa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• J. Jayalalithaa in the Internet Movie Database (English)
• Government of Tamil Nadu: Biography of J. Jayalalithaa
• BBC: Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha (English)
• Times of India: J. Jayalalithaa (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ As usual in South India, the father's name, Jayaram, is usually prefixed in abbreviated form, but sometimes also added as a surname. In 2001 she changed the spelling of her name in Latin from Jayalalitha to Jayalalithaa .
2. ↑ Jayalalithaa - early life and times. The Hindu News, December 6, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
3. ↑ Meera Srinivasan, Sruthisagar Yamunan: Jayalalithaa is Tamil Nadu Chief Minister again. The Hindu, May 23, 2015, accessed May 23, 2015 . 
4. ^ Aloysius Xavier Lopez: Jayalalithaa wins RK Nagar by election. The Hindu, June 30, 2015, accessed April 10, 2016 . 
5. ↑ Editorial: Against all odds. The Hindu, May 21, 2016, accessed December 10, 2016 . 
6. ↑ As it happened: Jayalalithaa swearing-in. The Hindu, May 23, 2016, accessed December 10, 2016 . 
7. ↑ J Jayalalitha: Why ailing leader has Indian state on edge. BBC News, October 7, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
8. ↑ Two held for 'spreading rumors' about Jayalalitha's health. BBC News, October 11, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
9. ↑ Jayalalithaa moved out of CCU to private room. The Hindu, November 19, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
10. ↑ Jayalalithaa has completely recovered: Apollo Hospitals chairman. The Hindu, December 2, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
11. ↑ Jayalalithaa, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, passes away. The Hindu, December 5, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
12. ^ O. Panneerselvam sworn in as Chief Minister. The Hindu, December 6, 2016, accessed December 6, 2016 . 
13. ↑ Jayalalithaa laid to rest on the Marina. The Hindu, December 7, 2016, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
14. ↑ Why Jayalalithaa was given a burial. The Hindu, December 7, 2016, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
15. ↑ Jayalalithaa funeral sees two departures from tradition. The Times of India, December 6, 2016, accessed December 11, 2016 . 
16. ↑ It's official: Sasikalaa is AIADMK's Chinnamma. The Times of India, December 12, 2016, accessed December 12, 2016 . 
17. ^ VK Sasikala appointed as AIADMK general secretary. The Hindu, December 29, 2016, accessed December 29, 2016 . 
18. ↑ Preminda Jacob: "From co-star to Deity: Popular Representations of Jayalalitha Jayaram," in Women. A Cultural Review 8.3 (1997). Pp. 333-334.
19. ↑ Jacob 1997, pp. 330-331.
20. ↑ Jacob 1997, p. 333.
21. ^ Indian state of Tamil Nadu gives laptops to children. BBC News, September 15, 2011, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
22. ↑ Amma canteen: Where an Indian meal costs only seven cents. BBC News, July 4, 2016, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
23. ^ 'Amma salt' set to be launched nationwide. The Times of India, September 5, 2015, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
24. ↑ Jayalalithaa to pay floral tributes to statues on May 22. The Hindu, May 19, 2015, accessed on December 12, 2016 (English). 
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26. ↑ Does Jayalalithaa's death signal the fall of federalism in Indian democracy? Firstpost, December 10, 2016, accessed on December 12, 2016 . 
27. ↑ On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line. The Hindu, December 8, 2016, accessed December 8, 2016 . 
28. ↑ Jayalalithaa bars Lankans from Chennai IPL matches. The Hindu, March 26, 2013, accessed December 8, 2016 . 
29. ↑ TS Subramaniam: Tamil Nadu's Shame. Frontline 18:14, July 7, 2001, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
30. ↑ TN secretariat reopens as super-specialty hospital. The Hindu, February 21, 2014, accessed December 7, 2016 . 
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32. ↑ timesofindia.indiatimes.com
33. ↑ LIVE: Jayalalithaa convicted in DA case; DMK, AIADMK members clash in Chennai. The Indian express, September 27, 2014, accessed September 27, 2014 . 
34. ^ Top India politician Jayalalitha guilty of corruption. BBC News, September 27, 2014, accessed September 27, 2014 . 
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36. ↑ Jayalalithaa acquitted: What next? The Hindu, May 11, 2015, accessed May 12, 2015 . 
37. ↑ Krishnadas Rajagopal: Jayalalithaa, Sasikala criminally conspired at Poes Garden to launder ill-gotten wealth: SC. The Hindu, February 14, 2017, accessed February 14, 2017 . 
38. ↑ Honorary Members of FIDE (English)