John de Deyville

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Sir John de Deyville (also John d'Eyville or Daiville ) (* around 1234, † 1290 or 1291) was an English nobleman and rebel.

Origin and youth

The Anglo-Norman family Deyville originally came from Déville in north-eastern Normandy . As vassals of the Mowbray family , the family received estates in northern Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire , including Egmanton, in the 12th century . John de Deyville was a son of Robert de Deyville and his wife Denise Fitzwilliam from Sprotborough . He was still a minor when his father died and he became the heir to his property. His guardian was Roger II de Mowbray , who also took over the administration of the inheritance. Either Mowbray was neglecting the Deyville family estates or he was abusing the custody administration to his advantage, for after John de Deyville came of age he had to sell 1254 lands at Adlingfleet in Yorkshire to Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Gloucester for £ 400 received.

Role in the war of the barons

Initial supporter of the Earl of Gloucester

In 1257 Deyville was appointed administrator of the royal forests north of the River Trent for three years . 1258 King Heinrich III. compelled by a nobility opposition to involve a council of state formed by the barons in government. When in February 1259 the powerful Earl of Gloucester, who was a member of the Council of State and to whom Deyville had sold part of his lands in 1254, again allied himself with the king, Deyville supported this change of sides. In March or April 1260 Deyville was one of the crown vassals whom the king summoned to London to support the opposition against the nobility. In May 1260 he was confirmed as administrator of the royal forests in northern England.

Supporter of the nobility opposition to the king

When the king regained his power in 1261, Deyville was among the numerous local officials who were dismissed in June 1261 as supporters of the aristocratic opposition. As a result, in view of the ongoing conflict between the king and the aristocratic opposition in large parts of England riots, while Deyville acted as the unofficial representative of the aristocratic opposition in Yorkshire. When riots broke out in York in November 1261 , he was one of the leaders. After Simon de Montfort , the leader of the aristocratic opposition, came to power in July 1263 and the king had to acknowledge this, Deyville was officially appointed Sheriff of Yorkshire. However, when the king claimed power again at the end of 1263, Deyville held York Castle from December 1263 to April 1264 against the orders of the king, after which he briefly occupied Carlisle Castle . After Montfort had defeated the king at the Battle of Lewes in the open Second War of the Barons and took over the government again, Deyville was reappointed administrator of Yorkshire in June 1264. In August the Barons' government allowed him to fortify his residence at Hood, near Kilburn . In September 1264 he was reappointed administrator of the northern English forests. In December Montfort appointed him as a baron in his parliament , which met in January 1265. Although Deyville was one of the barons who Montfort forbade participation in a tournament in Dunstable in February 1265 in order not to exacerbate tensions with the young Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of Gloucester , Deyville remained a staunch supporter of the barons' government . In March the government charged him with occupying Richmond Castle , Yorkshire, which was still in the hands of a supporter of the king. After Montfort was defeated and killed by the king's partisans in the Battle of Evesham in August 1265 , Deyville's possessions were confiscated and given to Queen Eleanor .

Role as leader of the disinherited

After Montfort's death, Deyville led the remaining northern English rebels to the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire , which was owned by the Mowbrays. The heir to the throne Eduard led a royal army against the rebels, which was able to cross the swamps and wetlands of the Isle of Axholme with the help of wooden footbridges. Christmas 1265 Deyville had to submit together with Simon de Montfort the Younger and Baldwin Wake the militarily superior heir to the throne at Bycarr's Dyke on the border of Nottinghamshire to Yorkshire. Nevertheless, in 1266 he continued the struggle as one of the leaders of the so-called disinherited , the expropriated former rebels. In early 1266 he sacked Sheffield and burned Sheffield Castle . In May he joined Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby at Chesterfield . A little later, however, they were caught by a royal army there and defeated at the Battle of Chesterfield . Deyville escaped and looted Lincoln with the remaining disinherited . He deliberately murdered Jews and destroyed their records, probably out of anger at the high debts he now owed to Jewish moneylenders. Under his leadership, a group of the disinherited withdrew to the Isle of Ely . From there they led raids to Cambridge and Norwich , while they were able to repel an attack by forces of the Cinque Ports . Although the disinherited had negotiated with a committee of barons in September and October about the conditions for the recovery of their estates, Deyville and his followers refused to accept the Dictum of Kenilworth, issued by the king in late October 1266 . When the new papal legate Ottobono Fieschi made them an offer of submission, they defiantly demanded from the king the recognition of the Provisions of Oxford and the lifting of the excommunication imposed on them . Eventually the young Earl of Gloucester sided with the disinherited. Deyville was able to escape with some of the disinherited from the Isle of Ely and joined Gloucester when the latter surprisingly occupied London in April 1267. Apparently there was looting in London by the rebels, because at Easter the excommunication of Deyville was announced again in front of St Paul's Cathedral .

Recovery of his property

Negotiations with Gloucester enabled the royal party to prevent a resurgence of the civil war. But Deyville was excluded from the agreement that Gloucester and the King made in Stratford in June . However, he was one of the rebels with Nicholas Seagrave , whose pardon was announced by the king on July 1, 1267 in St Paul's Cathedral. In return for a fine, which he was allowed to pay in installments, he immediately got his land back. The penalty was awarded to Queen Eleanor. The amount of the fine was equal to £ 600 four times the annual income of his property, which he was treated relatively mildly. Like other former rebels, he was financially supported by the church, and in 1268 the king decreed that he had to pay his debts to Jewish moneylenders only after his fine had been paid to the crown. Nevertheless, Deyville had not yet paid 380 marks of the equivalent of 900 marks that he owed the crown in 1272 . He even had to pay additional fines to the Crown, including in 1275 after he married without royal permission. It was not until September 1276 that he was able to settle his debts to the queen, for which, however, he had to sell lands. He remained in debt until his death.

Loyal follower of Edward I.

Despite his role during the War of the Barons, Deyville won the favor of his former opponent Edward I, who in 1272 after the death of Henry III. became king of England. In 1277 and 1282 he took part in the campaigns for the conquest of Wales . Before 1285 or 1286 he was in the service of the king as Knight Banneret , and he was named first in a list of Knight Bannerets. In 1283 he took part in Parliament in Shrewsbury and in 1287 in the military council to put down the rebellion of Rhys ap Maredudd in Gloucester . He died either in 1290 or 1291.

Marriages

Before May 8, 1275 Deyville Maud , the widow of James Audley junior († 1272), the eldest son of the noble James Audley married. She died before April 22, 1276. At an unknown later date, he married Alice , whose origin is unknown.

literature

  • Oscar De Ville: John Deyville: a neglected rebel. In: Northern History , 34 (1998), pp. 17-40

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 55
  2. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 118
  3. ↑ Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 149
  4. ↑ Sir John d'Eivill on thepeerage.com , accessed May 5, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME De Deyville, John
ALTERNATIVE NAMES d'Eyville, Sir John; Daiville, Sir John
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English nobleman and rebel
DATE OF BIRTH around 1234
DATE OF DEATH 1290 or 1291