Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester

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Coat of arms of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford

Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester and 6th Earl of Hertford (in another counting also the seventh Earl of Gloucester ), called Gilbert of Red ( Gilbert the Red ) (* 2 September 1243 in Christchurch , † 7 December 1295 at Monmouth Castle ) was an English magnate . He was one of the most powerful and richest English magnates of the second half of the 13th century. He played an important role during the Second War of the Barons . In this conflict, in which Clare apparently supported the reform efforts of the Provisions of Oxford , Clare had changed sides five times within five years, which is probably also due to his youth at the time. Whether he acted moderately on his respective allies is doubtful in view of the immense possessions that he captured after two of his sides. His political reluctance after the death of King Henry III. during the absence of the heir to the throne helped to secure Eduard's line of succession . The Caerphilly Castle he built in South Wales is one of the largest castles in Great Britain and is considered a model for the castles later built by Edward I in North Wales . The construction of the castle led to border disputes with the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd , which in turn led to the English conquest of Wales . Clare failed militarily both during the second Welsh campaign and during the Welsh uprising from 1294 to 1295 . As the judge Ralph de Hengham reported, Clare himself was feared by the king because of his irascibility and hot-bloodedness. However, his insubordination led to Eduard I finally submitting him under humiliating circumstances.

Origin, youth and marriage

Gilbert de Clare came from the Anglo-Norman family Clare , which belonged to the leading magnate families in England. He was the eldest son of Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester and 5th Earl of Hertford, and of Maud de Lacy , daughter of John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln . Nothing is known about where Gilbert grew up or about his early childhood. He had two younger brothers, Thomas and Bogo , who later studied at Oxford from 1257 to 1259 . His father tried to expand the position of the family in which he married the young Gilbert in 1252 with Alice de Lusignan , a daughter of the south-west French Count Hugo XI. negotiated by Lusignan and Yolande, a daughter of Peter Mauclerc . Alice brought a dowry of 5,000 marks into the marriage, and King Heinrich III. advocated Gilbert's marriage to his relative Alice, hoping to bind the powerful heir closer to the royal family. In the spring of 1253, Gilbert, then nine, traveled to Poitou , where the marriage took place , accompanied by his father and William de Valence , a half-brother of the king and relative of the bride .

Role in the Second War of the Barons

Support the rebellion against the king

After the death of his father on July 15, 1262, the king took over the administration of the legacy for the minor Gilbert, which included extensive holdings in south-east England, Gloucestershire , the Welsh Marches and Ireland . Richard de Clare had been a leading member of the aristocratic opposition that had fought with the king for power since 1258. Nineteen-year-old Gilbert de Clare had hoped that he would be allowed to take over the inheritance immediately, even though he was officially a minor. However, the king did not want to forego the lucrative allocation of the rich guardianship administrations. Although Clare was traveling to Boulogne , France , where the king was staying at the time, and although William de Valence stood up for him, the king initially did not grant Clare an audience, and when Clare was finally able to ask the king to hand over his inheritance, he insisted King on his principles and harshly dismissed Clare. Instead, the king appointed Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford as administrator of the South Welsh dominions Usk and Glamorgan , who should defend these important possessions in the Welsh Marches against attacks by the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd . In addition, the king ordered an investigation into suspicion that Earl Richard had wrongly appropriated the rights to which the king was entitled. In early 1263, the king then claimed his right as supreme liege lord to assign Richard's mother Maud her Wittum. As a widow she was entitled to a third of the property of her deceased husband. The King granted her the share of fees that her husband had as Earl of Hertford in Hertfordshire , plus Usk Castle and Trellech Castle in Monmouthshire and the Honor of Clare with Clare Castle in East England. He took away two strategically important castles in Wales and the family seat, which was also the center of the family's English possessions. With this humiliation, the king had finally driven young Gilbert into the opposition, who saw the case of Clare as a new example of the arbitrary interpretation of feudal law by the king. In March 1263 Gilbert de Clare refused to pay homage to the heir to the throne, Lord Edward , at Westminster , and in May he joined Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester , the undisputed leader of the aristocratic opposition after the death of Richard de Clare , at a meeting in Oxford had become. The barons again forced the king to recognize the Provisions of Oxford , with which they again took over the government. In July and August 1263, Clare was able to have his inheritance handed over to him for a fee of £ 1000. However, to Clare's disappointment, Montfort did not change the allocation of Wittum from Clare's mother, and in October 1263 Clare was invited by the king to Windsor Castle , possibly to persuade him to change sides. It is unclear whether he accepted this invitation, but at the end of the year he supported neither Montfort nor the king when they mediated the French king Louis IX. sought in the power struggle. Even when open civil war threatened after the arbitration of the French king, the Mise of Amiens , Clare hesitated to openly join one side. He vacillated between support for Lord Eduard and for Montfort, and remained waiting at Tonbridge Castle in Kent . Only when the king conquered the rebel-held Northampton on April 5, 1264 , a pogrom took place under Clare's leadership against the Jewish residents of Canterbury , who were under the protection of the king. Then joined de Clare Montfort, who besieged Rochester Castle . The King then occupied Tonbridge Castle, a castle owned by Clare in Kent. Clare's wife Alice was taken prisoner, but was released because of her relationship with the king. Clare now accompanied the army of the rebels and was finally declared, together with Montfort, to be open enemies of the king, whereupon he in turn gave up his loyalty. On May 14, 1264, he was knighted together with his brother Thomas von Montfort before the Battle of Lewes . Although he was still militarily inexperienced, he commanded the center of the rebel army because of his high rank in battle. Allegedly, the defeated king is said to have surrendered to him after the battle.

Triumvirate with Montfort

After this victory, the rebels took over the government again. Power now rested with a three-person committee that appointed the State Council. Clare was a member of this committee along with Montfort and Bishop Stephen Bersted , and after Montfort he became the most important member of this government of barons. He took part with Montfort in two campaigns against the Marcher Lords in order to finally subdue them. As booty he took over a number of holdings from supporters of the king, including Pembroke Castle from William de Valence on June 6, the lands of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey on June 20, except for Lewes Castle and Reigate , and on June 10 the lands of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey July the goods of Peter of Savoy , an uncle of the Queen. To this end, he was officially enfeoffed with his father's lands in September 1264. As a rebel and opponent of the king, however, he was excommunicated on October 20 by the papal legate Gui Foucois , who imposed the interdict on his lands . Towards the end of the year, however, there were increasing tensions between Montfort and Clare. Clare complained that Montfort had provided his sons with goods in abundance, that he used foreign mercenaries and that he unfairly divided the ransoms that the king's followers captured at Lewes had to pay. Above all, he increasingly complained about the autocratic style of government of Montfort and worried about its collaboration with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. When Montfort had the powerful Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby arrested, Clare feared for his own safety and fled to the Welsh Marches on the pretext that Llywelyn ap Gruffydd would loot his property. He refused to take part in a tournament in Northampton on April 20, 1265, whereupon Montfort made concessions to him on May 12 and claimed on May 20 that there was no tension between him and Clare. In fact, however, Clare made a vain attempt to bring Montfort and the king under his control when they were on their way to Hereford . When, at the end of May, Thomas de Clare supported the heir to the throne Lord Eduard in his escape from government custody, there was an open rift between Montfort and Clare.

Royal Party supporters

Together with the powerful marcher Lord Roger Mortimer , with whom he was otherwise often in dispute, Clare joined the heir to the throne in Ludlow , Shropshire , after he had vowed to reform the government and remedy several grievances criticized by the aristocratic opposition. Montfort now declared Clare a rebel, moved with an army to the west of England and on to Wales, where he concluded the Pipton-on-Wye Agreement with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd on June 19 . This threatened Clare's Welsh possessions directly. Clare's ships destroyed the boats with which Montfort wanted to cross the Severn again , so that Montfort in the Welsh Marches was cut off from reinforcements. Then Clare and his vassals belonged to the army of Lord Edward, with whom he defeated an army of rebels on the morning of August 1st at Kenilworth Castle that Montfort wanted to help. In the decisive battle of Evesham , in which Montfort was killed on August 4th, Clare commanded one of the three divisions of Lord Edward's army.

Share at the end of the Second War of the Barons

In the chaos that reigned in England after Montfort's defeat and death, Clare had over 160 estates belonging to the defeated supporters of Montfort in England occupied by his officials, and he also acquired further rights for his previous estates. At first he benefited more than any other magnate from the victory of the royal party. His loot included goods from John Fitz John , Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford and above all from Montfort and his sons. Even a large number of Clare's own vassals did not go along with his side changes and continued to support him. Therefore, Clare has now confiscated the goods of Simon de Pattishall , Brian de Gouiz and Hamo Hautein , in which he proceeded extremely arbitrarily. He had to give some of the stolen goods back to the Crown, but beforehand he systematically plundered them and previously collected rents and taxes. During Parliament in Winchester on September 8, 1265 , he reportedly supported the decision that the rebel lands should be confiscated from the Crown. A little later he turned down the offer to negotiate with Simon de Montfort the younger , against whom he apparently had a personal dislike. On October 6th he received papal absolution and on October 9th the king's pardon for his earlier support for Montfort. In October, despite objections from Roger Mortimer, he received the custody of the Brecknockshire lordship in Wales during the minority of the heir Humphrey de Bohun . In February 1266 he was waived the £ 900 fine he was to pay for having inherited his father's inheritance in 1263 without the king's permission. In view of the hard reaction of the supporters of the king, the so-called disinherited , the defeated rebels, had continued their resistance, so that the civil war continued. In early 1266, Clare took part in Lord Edward's campaign against the Cinque Ports . Nevertheless, the relationship between Clare and the king worsened again. In the spring of 1266, Clare sued his mother in order to obtain part of her Wittum. The king then placed Glamorgan under royal administration and only gave it to Clare in November of that year. When the king distributed the estates of the dispossessed rebels, Clare again felt that he was not properly considered. However, in the meantime he had also realized that the seizures and redistributions led to great hardship and unrest. Clare was now on the committee that drafted a peace offer for the disinherited. This stood in opposition to the policy of the king and to barons like Roger Mortimer and Roger de Clifford , who continued to demand strict action against the rebels. However, through the mediation of the papal legate Ottobono , an offer of peace could be worked out, which was announced at the end of October 1266 as the Dictum of Kenilworth . It offered the disinherited the opportunity to repurchase their estates against payment of a penalty to be determined according to the extent of their involvement in the rebellion. Clare was already sympathizing with his former allies, and he realized that the Dictum of Kenilworth had one major flaw: the disinherited could not meet the penalties unless they owned their lands and thus their income. Clare himself began to return lands to the disinherited, if possible, even defending them against the claims of other barons. The disputes over the restitution of confiscated goods dragged on until his death. Now Clare's relationship with Lord Edward also deteriorated. Clare suspiciously watched the growing influence of his opponent Roger Mortimer at the royal court and accused him of seeking his life. Although a new settlement was reached on her Wittum in January 1267, less favorable to Clare's mother, Clare did not appear to Parliament in Bury St Edmunds in February . Instead, he denounced the king, who would still allow foreigners to rule, and pushed for the lands to be returned to the disinherited. When the king rejected these demands, Clare withdrew to Glamorgan, which he had recently received from his mother's Wittum, and raised an army. With this he surprisingly advanced to southern England and occupied the City of London on April 8, 1267 . Many of the disinherited who had previously holed up on the Isle of Ely had joined him, including a number of former vassals of Clare. England was again on the brink of civil war when the king made preparations for a siege of London. Richard of Cornwall , the king's brother, and other magnates, however, pushed for the conflict to be resolved through negotiation. From April 20, Clare negotiated with Richard of Cornwall and Philip Basset through Cardinal Ottobono , and on May 13, Clare withdrew from London. A peaceful agreement could be negotiated by mid-June. Thereafter, the disinherited would get their possessions back more easily, while Clare and his supporters would receive an amnesty . Clare had to deposit 10,000 marks as security for his peacefulness. With this agreement and the submission of the last disinherited, the Second War of the Barons ended.

Choppy relationship with the king after the barons' war

Clare and the Crusade of Lord Edward

After the end of the civil war, Gilbert de Clare and the royal family tried to finally reconcile. When Lord Edward took a crusade vow on June 24, 1268, Clare did the same. The king made various concessions to Clare, including acknowledging his claims to the Bristol Castle, which was also claimed by Lord Edward . However, this reconciliation was short-lived. The king, weakened by the war of the barons, had to sign the Treaty of Montgomery with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1267 , but despite this peace treaty, the war between Clare and the Welsh continued in the Welsh Marches. In addition, in May 1269 the king denied Clare's possession of the Portland and Wyke estates in Dorset , which his father had received from the barons' government in 1258. Clare expressed his annoyance by staying away from parliaments and the solemn transfer of the relics of Edward the Confessor to the newly built Westminster Abbey on October 13, 1269. As the planned time for Prince Edward's crusade approached, it became apparent that Clare did not want to participate in the crusade. This led to a dispute with the heir to the throne, which is why the French King Louis IX, who also wanted to go on the crusade , invited Clare to Paris in February 1270 so that he could persuade him to participate. Finally, Richard of Cornwall was able to reach an agreement with Clare on May 27, 1270, according to which he should also leave for the Holy Land no later than six months after Lord Edward's departure. He was to receive up to 10,000 marks for the cost of the crusade. In return, as long as he had not left on the crusade, he had to cede Tonbridge Castle and Hanley Castle in Worcestershire as security. If he did not go on the crusade, he was threatened with a fine of 20,000 marks and excommunication. Henry III. pledged to keep his possessions there during Clare's absence in accordance with the law of the Welsh Marches. Still, Clare broke his crusade vows while Lord Edward set out for the Holy Land in August 1270. Rumors of Edward's affair with Clare's wife Alice may have heightened suspicions between the two men. They may also be the reason for Clare's official separation from Alice in July 1271.

Caerphilly Castle in Wales

Enforcement of Clare's rule in Glamorgan

Clare felt threatened as the most powerful of the Marcher Lords by the Treaty of Montgomery, in which Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was confirmed the rule of Brecknockshire, in addition, he was recognized as the Prince of Wales as overlord of all Welsh principalities. In the treaty, however, these principalities were not specified, which led to a conflict with Gilbert de Clare. As Lord of Glamorgan, he was also overlord of the Welsh Lords of Senghenydd and Make . During the war of the barons, on August 20, 1266, Clare had received permission from the king to occupy the lands of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, an ally of Montfort. In the same year Clare conquered Mach Castle and drove out the Welsh Lord Maredudd ap Gruffudd . in January 1267 he occupied Senghenydd and took his Lord Gruffydd ap Rhys prisoner. In 1268 and 1269 he exchanged and bought Caerleon , which had belonged to Agnes de Vescy and Maud de Kyme, two daughters of Sybil de Ferrers, a daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke . With this he created a contiguous territory of Glamorgan, Gwynllŵg and Usk in South Wales . To secure his acquisitions and conquests, Clare began in 1268 with the construction of the mighty Caerphilly Castle , in the construction of which he took into account his experiences from the long siege of Kenilworth Castle. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd protested to King Henry III. against Gilbert's aggression and the treatment of his vassals. The king avoided a decision and referred the complaint to the royal court. When Lord Eduard confirmed Llywelyn as head of the Welsh rulers of Glamorgan in an arbitration award, Gilbert refused to recognize this. The king found himself unable to assert his authority over his most powerful vassal and referred Llywelyn's complaint to Parliament. Thereupon Llywelyn invaded Glamorgan in 1270 and destroyed the Caerphilly Castle, which was under construction. However, he was unable to keep Glamorgan permanently occupied, and after his departure Gilbert continued building the castle. Llywelyn now wanted to continue the war, but then agreed to negotiations on the mediation of the king. After that, the castle should be handed over to an independent commission, but when Heinrich III. Gilbert de Clare died in 1272 and the heir to the throne was still on the crusade, becoming one of the regents of the empire. He took over the castle again and completed it.

Member of the Regency Council after the death of Heinrich III.

Clare's ties to the royal family were strengthened in 1272 when his sister Margaret married Edmund , heir to Richard of Cornwall. When Heinrich III. was dying in Westminster in November 1272, he had Clare called over to him to vow to do everything possible to keep the peace in England until Edward's return from the crusade and to allow the kingdom to pass unscathed to the heir to the throne to hand over. After the funeral of Heinrich III. Clare was the first magnate to swear allegiance to the absent heir to the throne in front of the high altar of Westminster Abbey. He was a member of the Regency Council with Archbishop Walter Giffard of York, Edmund of Cornwall and Chancellor Walter of Merton , and in fact Clare tried to keep the peace in England until Edward's return in August 1274. Through his mediation a dispute over the office of Lord Mayor of London could be settled. When Edward finally landed in Dover in early August 1274 , Clare received him at Tonbridge Castle. A little later he took part in the coronation of Edward at Westminster Abbey with a large retinue, including 100 knights.

Later life, relationship with King Edward and death

Role in the conquest of Wales

In the summer of 1274 Clare had first visited his estates in Kilkenny , Ireland . In June 1275 he traveled to Gascony on behalf of the king and escorted the rebellious nobleman Gaston de Béarn to Westminster. The new king now tried vigorously to defend the rights and claims of the crown and to strengthen his power. In 1275, after the death of Eleanor de Leicester , widow of William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke as the grandson of Isabella of Pembroke, Clare inherited parts of her Wittum, lands in Berkshire , Oxfordshire and Wiltshire at the age of 27 Knight's fee . With that Clare had become the master of over 500 Knight's Fee in England, with which he owned more than twice as many as the next most powerful Earl. In 1276, the King invalidated Clare's claims to Bristol, and from 1279 to 1280 he systematically checked whether Clare was exercising unjustified rights to which the Crown was entitled. In doing so, the royal officials were extremely precise against Clare in comparison to other magnates, which Clare was extremely upset about. However, there was no open rift between Clare and the king. In fact, the king complained that Clare had illegally appropriated numerous rights, but above all he wanted to assert his power in front of the powerful magnate and make it clear to him that he owed his property and his rights to the king. To this end, King Clares needed support in the conflict with Prince Llywelyn in Wales, which had come to a head not least because of Clare's policies in Wales. In 1277 Clare accompanied the king on his campaign in North Wales , in which, however, he did not play a major role. When the king had decided to conquer Wales in 1282, he appointed Clare in April 1282 as commander in chief of the royal troops in South Wales. However, Clare suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr in June 1282 , so that he was removed from office. However, Clare stayed with the royal troops and occupied Dolwyddelan Castle in January 1283 . After the conquest of Wales at the end of 1283 he was one of the judges who sentenced Dafydd ap Gruffydd , the brother and heir of Lord Llywelyn, to death. In December 1284, King Clare officially visited Glamorgan, for which he had to formally ask his permission. According to the law of the Welsh Marches, Clare escorted the king within Glamorgan and accompanied him on to Bristol, where he celebrated Christmas with the king. He then accompanied the king to France, where Edward I paid homage to the French king Philip IV for his French possessions. While the king continued to travel to Gascony, Clare returned to England in October 1286.

Marriage with the king's daughter Johanna

Between January 1278 and May 1286, with the exception of the Earl of Lincoln , Clare had attested more royal documents than other members of the high nobility. Nevertheless, the king allowed him to marry his daughter Johanna von Akkon, probably mainly because of Clare's position and less because of his friendship with the king. The king had already agreed to the marriage in May 1283, although Clare's first marriage was not officially divorced until May 1285. After Clare had received a papal dispensation for his second marriage on November 16, 1289 , the 46-year-old Clare was able to marry the 18-year-old king's daughter on May 2, 1290 in Westminster Abbey. The marriage increased the prestige of Clare, who also had no male heir from his first marriage. On July 3, 1290, he celebrated the marriage with a banquet in Clerkenwell . However, before the marriage on April 17, 1290, all of his property had to be handed over to the king, which he and his wife received back as joint, lifelong property after the marriage. With that, his two daughters from his first marriage were disinherited. Clare had to agree that the children from his second marriage would inherit the property, or that if he died childless, his property would fall to the children of his wife's second marriage. Clare's power was considerably strengthened when he received her extensive Wittum on March 10, 1289 after the death of his mother.

Conflict with Edward I.

Despite Clare's close relationship with Edward I, the relationship between the two was still not free of tension. When the king was in Gascony from 1286 to 1289, Clare served as spokesman for the barons in 1288 when they refused to grant the king an aid before the king's return. A serious conflict arose between the two when the protracted dispute between Clare and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford , escalated. Clare had been Bohun's guardian, and in 1270 Bohun had pledged Clare £ 1,000 for the right to a marriage of his choice. By 1290, however, Bohun had only paid 390 marks. In 1278 there was a dispute between the two over hunting rights in the Malvern Hills . When the Welsh Lord Rhys ap Maredudd rebelled in South West Wales in 1287 , Gilbert participated with a large contingent of troops in the suppression of the uprising. A little later he began to secure the northern border of Glamorgan with the building of Morlais Castle in a region that was also claimed by Bohun as Lord of Brecknockshire. Under traditional Welsh Marches law, Bohun could have started a feud after negotiations failed , but turned to the king instead in January 1290 because of his weak position in the Welsh Marches. Clare disregarded the king's order to stop building the castle. He was already in dispute with the king over the administration of the temporalities of the bishops of Llandaff , which he claimed during the vacancies of the Welsh diocese. Under pressure from the king, he had to renounce this claim in October 1290. However, when vassals Clares, with his obvious toleration, attacked Brecknockshire at least three times in 1290, the reign of Bohun bordering on Glamorgan in the Welsh Marches, the king lost patience with his powerful vassal and son-in-law. After Clare initially failed to comply with several summons before royal judges, the king and Bohun summoned him to Abergavenny for a hearing in October 1291 . Bohun had probably lost patience in the meantime and had Clare's property attacked in Glamorgan. Thereupon the king found both earls guilty at the hearing and summoned them for January 1292 before the parliament in Westminster, where he wanted to announce the sentence. In Westminster both magnates were sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London , the duration of which was unlimited. Glamorgan and Brecknockshire fell to the king during their lifetime, and Clare was to pay a fine of 10,000 marks. Perhaps at pressure from other magnates, Clare and Bohun were soon released. On May 7, 1292, the king returned Glamorgan to Clare, who never had to pay the fine. Nevertheless, with this procedure the king had successfully strengthened his authority over the Marcher Lords, who, due to their border location in Wales, maintained a special position and privileges.

Last years and death

Clare's honor and reputation had suffered considerable damage from this defeat. Nevertheless, he remained a high-ranking magnate who served the king in many ways. He had been in Norham in 1291 when the king announced his decision in the Scottish succession dispute. On November 7, 1292 he was in Berwick when Robert V de Brus renounced his claim to the throne in favor of his heir. In June 1293 the King appointed Clare to command the royal troops in Ireland, where there had been a revolt in Kilkenny, among other places. Clare stayed in Ireland until 1294. Clare's reputation was then weakened by another rebellion in Wales , during which there was a rebellion in Glamorgan from October 1294. Clare's rule there collapsed and he had to hurry to withdraw from Glamorgan. In April 1295 he returned with troops, but until May 1295 he only succeeded in bringing the region around Cardiff back under his rule, although the rebellion in the other parts of Wales had already been put down. The rebel leader Morgan ap Maredudd declared that the rebellion was directed not against the king, but above all against the unjust rule of Clare. Thereupon the king took over the administration of Glamorgan again in June 1295 and pardoned the rebels despite the opposition of Clare. On October 20, 1295, the king returned Glamorgan to Clare. About six weeks later, Clare died. He was buried next to his grandfather Gilbert de Clare at Tewkesbury Abbey on December 22nd . His heir became his underage son Gilbert . His widow Johanna, who had become co-owner of his property through marriage, took over the administration of his inheritance. Without her father's permission, she married Ralph de Monthermer , a knight in her household , in 1297 . This took over the guardianship of Clare's only son Gilbert until Johanna's death in 1307. He fell childless at the Battle of Bannockburn . According to the agreement with Edward I, the Clare family's possessions were then divided among the three daughters from Clare's second marriage.

Gilbert de Clare, stained glass in Tewkesbury Abbey from around 1340

Family and offspring

Little is known about Clare's personal life. His first marriage to Alice de Lusignan was unhappy. Although his own wife was from south-west France, he showed a xenophobic attitude during the war of the barons, also towards his wife's relatives. In 1267 Alice betrayed her husband when he wanted to occupy London. Eventually the couple separated and the marriage ended in divorce. However, Clare made sure that his divorced wife had a decent living. He justified this with their noble origin, and it was his own wish. He finally disinherited the two daughters from this marriage when he had the opportunity to marry a daughter of the king. Still, he seems to have been a caring father too. In the 1270s, he asked the royal chancellor Burnell to discreetly excuse him at a royal council meeting that one of his children was ill. Clare himself cultivated the knightly culture of his time and was an enthusiastic tournament fighter. In 1278 the king gave him gold-plated leather tournament armor, and in 1292 the king asked him to revise the rules for tournaments. On the other hand, in contrast to his father, Clare cared little for courtly pomp and lived mostly in his rural castles.

From his first marriage to Alice de Lusignan, Clare had two daughters:

With his second wife Johanna von Akkon, Clare had three daughters and one son:

literature

  • Simon Lloyd: Gilbert de Clare, Richard of Cornwall and the Lord Edward's crusade . In: Nottingham Medieval Studies , 31 (1986), pp. 46-66
  • Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 120
  2. Clive H. Knowles: Clare, Gilbert de, seventh earl of Gloucester and sixth earl of Hertford (1243-1295). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
  3. ^ Adrian Pettifer: Welsh Castles. A Guide by Counties . Boydell, Woodbridge 2000, ISBN 0-85115-778-5 , p. 82
  4. Clive H. Knowles: Clare, Gilbert de, seventh earl of Gloucester and sixth earl of Hertford (1243-1295). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
  5. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 95
  6. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 96
  7. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 108
  8. Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 48
  9. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 110
  10. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 113
  11. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 118
  12. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 126
  13. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 123
  14. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 76
  15. Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 348
  16. Jump up ↑ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales: An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan: III - Part Ib: Medieval Secular Monuments - The Later Castles from 1217 to the present , HMSO, London 2000, ISBN 1-871184-22 -3 , p. 212
  17. Thomas Jones Pierce: Morgan, Rebel of 1294 (Welsh Biography Online). Retrieved April 9, 2015 .
  18. Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 233
  19. ^ Michael Altschul: A baronial family in medieval England. The Clares . The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1965, p. 102
predecessor Office successor
Richard de Clare Earl of Gloucester
Earl of Hertford
1262-1295
Gilbert de Clare