Josef Dobrovský

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Josef Dobrovský, portrait of František Tkadlík ; National Museum (Prague) , inventory number H2-11810

Josef Dobrovský (in his German-language publications Joseph Dobrowsky , born August 17, 1753 in Gyarmat , Hungary , † January 6, 1829 in Brno ) was a Czech theologian , philologist and historian. He is considered to be the founder of the modern written Czech language and academic Slavonic studies .

Life

Dobrovský was born in Hungary as the son of a professional soldier from Solnice . His parents soon moved to West Bohemia . Dobrovský grew up in the German-speaking area in Bischofteinitz , attended the Augustinian grammar school in Deutschbrod and the Jesuit grammar school in Klattau . After graduating from high school, he studied philosophy and theology at the Charles University in Prague and entered the Jesuit order in 1772 , which was however abolished a year later by the Josephine reforms . Dobrovský continued his theology studies in Prague and worked from 1776 on the recommendation of Joseph Stepling as an educator and private tutor in the family of Count Nostitz at Měšice Castle .

After the consecration by his Prague Archbishop Wilhelm Florentin von Salm-Salm had been refused, he was in 1786 by the Hradec Kralove Bishop John Leopold Hay ordained a Roman Catholic priest and was from 1787 to 1788 vice-rector and in 1789 rector of the General Seminary ( seminary ) in the Hradisko monastery near Olomouc , which was secularized in 1790. He then returned to Prague and lived there as a private scholar, mostly in the Palais Nostitz . His efforts to get a professorship at Charles University were unsuccessful. During this time he researched the Czech language and literature, the Slavic languages ​​in general, as well as Bohemian history and antiquity with trend-setting publications. Dobrovský was a member of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences . He died in Brno in 1829 while traveling. There he is buried in the central cemetery.

meaning

Josef Dobrovský, bust in the Hradisko monastery
Bust of Dobrovský on Kampa Island in Prague

Dobrovský began as a researcher of the traditional Bible texts . In 1777 he published his first overview, written in Latin , entitled “Pragical Fragments of Hebrew Manuscripts”, on the neglected research topic of the Jewish community in Prague . In 1778 he was noticed in professional circles for his work “Fragmentum Pragense Evangelii S. Marci”, in which he proved that a handwritten document fragment that was accessible to him, attributed to the evangelist Mark and venerated as a relic , was incorrectly dated and was created much later than before was accepted.

From 1779 he dealt with the Czech language and literature and published the magazine "Bohemian Literature for the Year 1779", "Bohemian and Moravian Literature for the Year 1780", in which he was critical of the contemporary work in this field. His “History of the Bohemian Language and Literature” appeared in 1792, and in 1809 the “Comprehensive Textbook of the Bohemian Language”, the first modern grammar of Czech. He also published a “German-Bohemian Dictionary” in two volumes (1802, 1821).

In his works Dobrovský represented the conception of a similarity of the written Czech language to the Czech of the "Golden Age" at the end of the 16th century. He rejected most of the changes in the written language that had occurred since that time by including foreign and loan words. Unlike his students Václav Hanka and Josef Jungmann , he did not try to actively enforce the norm he was propagating, possibly because he did not expect that Czech would be able to politically enforce the official language in Habsburg Bohemia. He himself wrote in German, the predominant language of scholars at the time in Bohemia, in his younger years also in Latin, the language of science at the time, and only shortly before his death in Czech.

In the period after 1779 Dobrovský also dealt with other Slavic languages ​​and published the magazines "Slawin" (1806) and "Slovanka" (1814-1815). In 1822 the "Institutiones linguae slavicae dialecti veteris", the first modern grammar of Old Church Slavonic, came to print, which earned him the honorary title of the founder of Slavic studies in the science of Bohemia .

In August 2003 the asteroid (40440) Dobrovský was named after him.

Fonts

  • Fragmentum Pragense evangelii s. Marci autographi , Prague 1778
  • Corrigenda in Bohemia docta Balbini juxta editionem P. Raphaelis Ungar , Prague 1779
  • Bohemian literature to 1779 , Prague 1779
  • On the introduction and dissemination of the art of printing in Bohemia , Prague 1782
  • On the Age of the Bohemian Bible Translation , Prague 1782
  • Treatise on the origin of the name Czech, Czech , Prague 1782
  • De antiquis Hebraeorum characteribus diss., In qua ... Origenis Hieronymique fides testimonio Josephi Flavii def. , Prague 1783
  • Scriptores rerum Bohemicarum . 3 vol., Prague 1783–1829
  • Historical-critical study of where the Slavs got their name from , Prague 1784
  • About the manner of burial of the ancient Slavs in general, and of the Bohemians in particular. A treatise, prompted by the earthen crockery unearthed by Horim in 1784 on a former Heydnian tomb . In: Treatises of the Bohemian Society of Sciences on 1786 . Walthersche Hofbuchhandlung , Prague and Dresden 1786, pp. 333–359.
  • How to use the old documents. An experiment on Boleslaw des Zweyten's Brewniower foundation letter from 993 , Prague 1786
  • Literary magazine of Bohemia and Moravia , Prague 1786–1787
  • About a passage in the 19th letters of St. Bonifacius, Concerning the Slavs and their Morals , Prague 1788
  • History of the Bohemian Picards and Adamites . In: Treatises of the Bohemian Society of Sciences to 1788 . Walthersche Hofbuchhandlung, Prague and Dresden 1789, pp. 300–343.
  • About the First Date on Slavic History and Geography , Prague 1790
  • History of the Bohemian Language and Literature , Prague 1792 (expanded edition 1818).
  • Vita Joannis de Jenczenstein archiepiscopi Pragensis tertii ex manuscripto Rokyczanensi coaevo edita notisque il lustrata (Vita of Johann von Jenstein ), Prague 1793
  • Literary news of a trip to Sweden and Russia undertaken at the instigation of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences in 1792. Along with a comparison of the Russian and Bohemian languages ​​etc. , Prague 1796
  • About the first text of the Bohemian Bible translation, after the oldest manuscripts of the same, especially after the Dresden one , Prague 1798
  • Draft of a plant system according to numbers and proportions etc. , Prague 1802
  • German-Bohemian Dictionary , Prague 1802–1821
  • Critical attempts to purge earlier Bohemian history of later fictions , Prague 1803–1807
  • Českých přísloví sbírka , Prague 1804 (collection of Czech proverbs)
  • Glagolitica. About the Glagolitic literature. The age of the Bukwitza, the pattern according to which it was formed, the origin of the Roman-Slavic liturgy (notes on the Glagolitic script , the oldest script in the Slavic languages ), Prague 1807
  • Slavin. Contribution to the knowledge of Slavic literature, linguistics and antiquities, in all dialects , Prague 1808
  • Extensive teaching structure of the Bohemian language for thorough learning of the same for Germans, for complete knowledge for Bohemia , Prague 1809 (second edition 1819).
  • Draft for a general etymology of the Slavic languages , Prague 1813
  • Slovanka. For the knowledge of old and new Slavic literature, linguistics in all dialects, the history of antiquities , Prague 1814–1815
  • Institutiones linguae slavicae dialecti veteris etc , Vienna 1822
  • About the former images of Bohemian regents and their inscriptions in the Prague royal castle before the fire in 1541 , Prague 1825
  • Moravian legend of Cyril and Methodius . Edited from manuscripts, compared with other legends and explained, Prague 1826
  • Dějiny českých pikartů a adamitů (Z německého originalu: History of the Bohemian Picards and Adamites, in: Treatises of the Bohemian Society of Sciences , přeložil, výsvětlivky, ediční poznámku a doslov napsal Rudolf Havel). Odeon, Praha 1978, DNB 368913856 , Czech.

literature

Web links

Commons : Josef Dobrovský  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ernst Eichler. Name research; Name studies; Les noms propres, Vol. 1: International Handbook of Onomastics (handbooks for language and communication science / ... Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK)). Page 2018. May 1995. De Gruyter Mouton . May 15, 1995. ISBN 3-11-011426-7 .
  2. ↑ Markéta Bartos Tautrmanová. An arena of German-Czech culture: the Prague Estates Theater 1846–1862. Page 23 November 2012. Lit Verlag . ISBN 3-643-11715-9 .
  3. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 49283
personal data
SURNAME Dobrovský, Josef
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Josef Dobrovsky, Joseph Dobrowsky
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Czech philologist, Slavist and Catholic clergyman
DATE OF BIRTH 17th August 1753
PLACE OF BIRTH Gyarmat
DATE OF DEATH January 6, 1829
Place of death Brno