Coffee-like drink
A coffee-like drink is a hot infusion drink whose ingredients are treated like coffee beans and which is similar in color and taste to coffee beans . In contrast to this, the plants used to replace the coffee bean contain no caffeine .
Manufacturing
For the production of coffee-like beverages, suitable parts of plants are cleaned, separated from inedible and undesirable components such as pods, stems, leaves and dried. Like coffee beans, the parts are then roasted and ground. Depending on the requirements, the roasted flours are used as single types or as mixtures.
variants
In German consumer goods , a distinction is made between coffee substitutes , malt coffee , grain coffee , chicory coffee and muckefuck .
Coffee substitute
As a coffee substitute, both the substitute for ground coffee beans and the drink made from them are referred to. The term is also used synonymously for coffee-like drinks and also other infusion drinks such as malt, grain and chicory coffee. In times of war and emergency, "stretched" coffee beans were called that, and they also contained other parts of the plant. The term lorke , in the true sense of the word a lousy drink, also describes the substitute coffee.
As a fruit of coffee you where fruits are used by perennials as designated mixtures, figs , acorns , beechnuts and chestnuts . The pips or stones of types of fruit are also used in some cases.
A coffee-like drink can be made from the roots of the dandelion , which is botanically closely related to chicory . This substitute coffee was previously made for home use in some areas of Bavaria . A widespread use was opposed to the fact that the roots of the plant are relatively small, sit quite deep in the ground and are difficult to dig out. The roots were dried, roasted and then ground like coffee beans.
For coffee substitute ("Café du Continent"), the plants used are coffee vetch , carrots , date kernels , grape seeds , tiger nuts , asparagus , rose hips , bird cherries , potatoes , almonds , sugar beets and adzuki beans , malted grains such as rye, barley and oats, lumps , beets and Lupins .
Malt coffee
According to the name, malted barley is used for this . Barley grains are germinated and then dried. The taste can vary significantly due to different drying times and temperatures. The first use is dated to the end of the 18th century, when from 1781, because of the Prussian coffee monopoly and similar regulations in neighboring countries and the continental block from 1806, coffee beans became a rare and expensive luxury item. As a result, equivalent alternatives were sought.
Grain coffee
The more general term grain coffee denotes the bean substitute with germinated barley and rye . The use of cereals such as maize and spelled is not widely used .
Chicory coffee
Chicory coffee, also known as country coffee , is made from the roots of the common chicory . Its use as a coffee-like drink began around 1680 in Central Europe with the spread of coffee beans, for which an inexpensive alternative was sought. In the 19th century it was discovered that the shoots of the roots of chicory are suitable for salads and vegetables, but the exact origin is unclear.
Acorn coffee
Acorn coffee is an infusion of finely chopped, roasted and then ground acorns . As a hot drink made from local wild fruits, it has been propagated by doctors since the last third of the 18th century, but was not able to establish itself for a long time due to its taste. Acorn coffee had some importance as a medicinal drink during the 19th century. It was drunk in a rural setting, mainly by the elderly. During the First and Second World Wars, it was recommended by the state as an alternative to coffee beans that were no longer imported, but this did not have a lasting effect.
Muckefuck
The term is used differently. There are various explanations for their origin.
- One theory is that the name Mocca faux ( French for false coffee ) was Germanized in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War or during the French occupation of the Rhineland under Napoleon .
- The Duden names the colloquial use of muckefuck as thin coffee, which has been documented in Rhenish-Westphalian since the 19th century, as its origin . This is derived from the Rhenish Mucken for brown wood mulm and the Rhenish fuck for lazy.
- Another explanation is the use in French as a synonym for café prussien (Prussian coffee), a mixture of bean coffee with chicory coffee as an extender.
history
The production of beverages from roasted plant parts has been known for a long time. Roasted grain drinks were used in Babylon and ancient Egypt .
As early as the middle of the 18th century, there were bans and restrictions on coffee production and consumption by the common people in various German states. During the Napoleonic continental blockade from 1806 to 1812, the availability of original products for “Arabic coffee” was restricted. As a result, alternatives had to be found for the popular overseas coffee that followed the tradition of local drinks. The first chicory factories opened in Germany at the end of the 18th century. Major Christian von Heine from Holzminden and the Brunswick restaurateur Christian Gottlieb Förster († around 1801) are considered to be the inventors of chicory coffee . Both received a concession for the production of chicory coffee in Braunschweig and Berlin in 1769/1770 . The city of Braunschweig quickly developed into an early center for chicory coffee production. Around 1795 there were 22 to 24 companies of this type there. In the chicory factory Ludwig Otto Bleibtreu , from 1781 the production, which was initially still heavily crafted, was transformed into a large-scale production based on the division of labor. Some of the expensive coffee beans were mixed with chicory coffee.
Roasted fig coffee is likely to have its origin in northern Italy in the middle of the 18th century. In Germany it was first mentioned in 1858 and manufactured in 1873 by the coffee substitute factory Otto E. Weber in Berlin and Heinrich Franck Söhne in Ludwigsburg. After 1900, "Heinrich Franck Söhne" acquired the Heilbronn company Emil Seelig, which was the largest grain coffee factory in Germany at the time and also had a fig coffee factory in St. Peter, Austria.In Austria, the Imperial company started producing fig coffee in Vienna in 1880, Julius Theodor Titze in Linz in 1895 , and in 1926 6000 tons of “Titze Gold fig coffee” were produced there. The company was later taken over by Karl Franck .
The Köthener healer Arthur Lutze invented the mid-19th century, the first consisting essentially based on barley "health coffee". His product was manufactured in Köthen until the 20th century under the name "Wittig's Health Coffee". During the time of National Socialism (1933–1945) the term coffee surrogate extract was created ; this product was administered by the state. The state administration still existed in the early days of the Federal Republic, the term was still used in the 1980s in advertising for the corresponding products.
In the German post-war period , coffee beans remained in short supply. In restaurants, the drinks menu featured “German coffee”, a description for substitute coffee. The market leader at the time was “Linde's coffee substitute mix” (Gebr. Linde GmbH, Nestlé Food Service from 1973), followed by “ Kathreiner malt coffee”. In 1954, Caro coffee , made from barley , malt , chicory and rye , came onto the market as the first instant coffee substitute drink in Germany and in some cases replaced the non-soluble products.
Kathreiner's coffee factory in Magdeburg was expropriated after the end of the war and continued to produce malt coffee in the association of consumer cooperatives . In 1954, production was expanded to include coffee beans at the Röstfein plant . During the coffee crisis in the GDR in 1976, bean coffee was hardly available as an imported product. With the coffee mix , a new type of mixed coffee with a high proportion of grain coffee was brought onto the market.
The GDR brand's instant malt coffee “in nu” was brought back onto the market after the fall of the Wall .
Web links
- Sparkaffee and Franck Aroma - Searching for traces in an almost forgotten branch of industry , NZZ , Zurich January 25, 2003
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rimbach, Möhring, Erbersdobler: Food product knowledge for beginners. Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-04485-4 , p. 285.
- ^ A b Roman Sandgruber : Franck in Linz - History of a family business - The "Muckefuck": The coffee and its substitute
- ↑ Ecocrop data sheet at the FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .
- ↑ Entry at Lebensmittellexikon.de for malt coffee
- ↑ Entry on Lebensmittellexikon.de for grain coffee
- ^ Entry at Lebensmittellexikon.de for chicory coffee .
- ↑ Uwe Spiekermann: Eichelkaffee - Weak remedy and bitter coffee substitute. In: uwe-spiekermann.com. March 22, 2019, accessed September 8, 2019 .
- ^ Günter Bergmann: Small Saxon Würterbuch . Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1989, ISBN 3-323-00008-0 .
- ↑ Ewald Harndt: French in Berlin jargon . Stapp Verlag, Berlin 1977, 9th edition, 1987, ISBN 3-87776-403-7 , pp. 44-45.
- ↑ Duden 7 - The dictionary of origin . Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2007, p. 571.
- ^ Muckefuck - Duden , Bibliographisches Institut ; 2016
- ^ Muckefuck - Explanation in the Berlin dialect from Berlin.de , last change on August 18, 2016.
- ↑ Andres Heimler: Coffee and tobacco from a cultural and social historical point of view , 6.1.1. “DrugsGenussKulur” website, accessed on September 11, 2017.
- ↑ Christian Gottlieb Förster: History of the invention of the chicory coffee. Georg Ludewig Förster, Bremen 1773.
- ^ A b Hans-Jürgen Teuteberg : Coffee . In: Thomas Hengartner , Christoph Maria Merki (Hrsg.): Pleasure means. A handbook on cultural history . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1999, ISBN 3-593-36337-2 , pp. 109-112 .
- ^ Carl Philipp Ribbentropp: Complete history and description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 2, Braunschweig 1796, pp. 146-148.
- ↑ Christhard Schrenk and Hubert Weckbach: "... for your account and risk" - invoices and letterheads from Heilbronn companies . Heilbronn City Archives 1994, p. 108.
- ↑ Imperial Bean and Fig Coffee , accessed December 5, 2011.
- ^ Johann Pammer: The first operation of the fig coffee factory in Titze was in Rottenegg
- ^ Kosta, Rondo, Kaffeemix - Honecker's coffee crisis on mdr.de.
