Coffee vetch

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Coffee vetch
Coffee vetch (Astragalus boeticus) (Illustration by Ferdinand Bauer in Flora Graeca)

Coffee vetch ( Astragalus boeticus )
(Illustration by Ferdinand Bauer in Flora Graeca )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Genre : Tragacanth ( astragalus )
Type : Coffee vetch
Scientific name
Astragalus boeticus
L.

The coffee vetch ( Astragalus boeticus ) is a plant of the genus Astragalus ( Astragalus ) in the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). It is widespread from Macaronesia across the Mediterranean to Western Asia.

Common names

In German-speaking countries, the other common names are or were used for this plant species ; Spanish tragacanth, Swedish coffee and Strapelkaffee as well as Swabian coffee, Kaffeetragant and Kaffeestragel.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Astragalus boeticus grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. It is branched at its base or at the top. The partly reddish, upright, ascending to prostrate hairy stem has a diameter of up to 7 millimeters.

The alternate arranged on the stem leaves are divided into leaf stem leaf blade and a total of 4 to 18 centimeters. The leaf blade is pinnate unpaired with 6 to 13 pairs of leaflets. The petiole is 0.5 to 1.5 inches long and hairy. The channel-shaped rachis is hairy. The leaflets are 6 to 25, rarely up to 35 millimeters in length and 3 to 10 in width, rarely up to 13 millimeters ovate to oblong-ovoid with a whole edge and indented to rounded upper end. and The leaf upper side is glabrous and the leaf underside is finely hairy. The 7 to 15 millimeter long stipules are usually white or mixed white and black, hairy and ciliate on the edge.

Generative characteristics

On a 2 to 12 centimeter long inflorescence stem, dense, racemose inflorescences are formed that contain two to twelve flowers. The whitish bracts are 4 to 6 millimeters long.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals , rarely 4 to usually 6 to 8 millimeters long, are fused to about half their length and their trichomes are all black or white and black mixed. The five equal calyx teeth are 3 to 4 millimeters long. The five whitish or yellowish petals stand together in the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The 8 to 11, rarely up to 14 millimeter long flag is much longer than the 6 to 7.5 millimeter long wings and the 5.5 to 6 millimeter long boat. There are ten stamens . The only carpel is on top.

The more or less upright, finely haired, when ripe reddish-brown and not opening legumes are triangular with a length of 20 to 45, rarely up to 60 millimeters and a width of 5 to 7 millimeters and a short, recurved beak . Each legume contains up to ten seeds. With a length of 4 to 4.5 millimeters and a diameter of 5 to 6 millimeters, the light brown seeds are kidney-shaped and somewhat flattened. The thousand grain mass is 2.6 to 3 grams.

The basic chromosome number is x = 15; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 30.

distribution

Astragalus boeticus from Macaronesia only Madeira and Gran Canaria across the Mediterranean from North Africa with Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , Libya and Egypt to southern and southeastern Europe with southern Portugal , southern Spain (including the Balearic Islands ), France (including Corsica ), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily ), the former Yugoslavia , Greece , Crete , Kos and Rhodes spread across the Middle East with Israel , Lebanon and Syria to Iran .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Astragalus boeticus was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , Tomo 2, p 758 Synonyms for Astragalus baeticus L. are: Astragalus uncinatus Bertol. , Tragacantha boetica (L.) Kuntze , Triquetra boetica (L.) Medik. , Astragalus boeticus var. Siliquosus Rouy , Astragalus boeticus var. Subinflatus Rouy .

use

The roasted seeds of Astragalus boeticus were used as a coffee substitute under the names Stragelkaffee , Swedish coffee and Astragal coffee , which is why this type of plant is known under the name "Kaffeewicke".

The name "Swedish coffee" came from the fact that the Swedish King Karl XIV. Johann had a large amount of Astragalus boeticus cultivated in the garden of Rosersberg Castle in a field trial in 1819 to promote it as a coffee substitute, and 80 pounds of royal seeds Agricultural Academy made available for distribution. The report about it in the annals of the Swedish Academy of Agriculture was made known in 1821 by Josef Carl Bayrhammer through a “charitable message about the new substitute” in the Nürnberger Allgemeine Handlungs-Zeitung . Bayrhammer's offer to provide seeds and instructions for use free of charge led to extensive experiments, especially in Bavaria, but also in Prussia, on which the Allgemeine Deutsche Garten-Zeitung in particular reported several times. In 1824 the newspaper suggested the name "Stragel-Kaffee". After a few years the enthusiasm subsided, but instructions on how to use Stragel coffee can still be found until the end of the 19th century.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Peter Hanelt, R. Büttner: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer, 2001, ISBN 3-540-41017-1 , p. 796.
  2. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 50, ( archive.org .)
  3. ^ Yearbook ... of the Federal Institute for Plant Production. Federal Institute for Plant Production (Austria), 1987.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Astragalus boeticus. In: Flora Iberica. LXXXVIII: LEGUMINOSAE - ASTRAGALEAE, p. 291, (full text PDF.)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hippolyte Coste: Flore descriptive et illustrée de la France de la Corse et des contrées limitrophes . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Librairie des Sciences et des Arts, Paris 1937, p. 365 ( digitized version, PDF, 43.8 MB ( Memento from May 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
  6. ^ Astragalus boeticus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ^ A b Astragalus boeticus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b Astragalus boeticus - data sheet at Euro + Med PlantBase a data set from ILDIS = World Database of Legumes .
  9. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum : scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  10. ^ Astragalus boeticus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 10, 2019.
  11. ↑ Rudolf Palm: The most important and most common human food, luxury goods and drinks . J. Habermann, St. Petersburg 1882, p. 112 ( digitized version ).
  12. ↑ B. Rolow: German coffee and sugar, or the culture of Astragalus baeticus (the so-called Swedish coffee vetch) and how this must be used with advantage as a coffee surrogate . Industrie-Comptoir, Hersfeld 1828.
  13. ↑ Josef Carl Bayrhammer: Charitable news of the new substitute (supplements), which is currently reducing the need for coffee in Sweden . In: Allgemeine Handlungs-Zeitung: With the latest inventions and improvements in the factory and in the city and agriculture . 28th year, no. 18 , 1821, pp. 74 ( digitized version ).
  14. ↑ See for example Der Kaffee-Stragel . In: General German garden newspaper . 1st year, no. 39 , 1823, p. 301-304 ( digitized version ). And the registers for the years 1823 to 1826.
  15. ↑ The Stragel Coffee (Astragalus baeticus) . In: General German garden newspaper . 2nd year, no.  14 , 1824, p. 105 ( digitized version ).

literature

  • Jaime Prohens, Isabel Andújar, Santiago Vilanova and others: Swedish coffee (Astragalus boeticus L.), a neglected coffee substitute with a past and a potential future. In: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Vol. 61, No. 1, 2014, pp. 287-297, doi: 10.1007 / s10722-013-0059-0 .

Web links

Commons : Kaffeewicke ( Astragalus boeticus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files