Chamber explosion
The chamber detonation is a blasting process in which a calculated amount of explosive is introduced into a chamber provided for this purpose through shafts or tunnels and detonated .
Chamber explosion in the commercial sector
Chamber blowing
Chamber blasting is a blasting procedure in which a calculated amount of explosive is introduced into a designated chamber through shafts or tunnels and detonated. The greatest possible extraction yield is achieved with these explosions. The extraction of stone in stone quarries as well as gravel material or cohesive earth is effective when mining in quarries. The dismantling height is limited to 30 meters in order to guarantee general safety. The chamber blasting method precisely calculated for this by the trained specialist is generally used. The chambers and shafts or tunnels required for this are usually driven horizontally or vertically into the rock by mining . The access tunnel was also to be driven in the dimensions 1.60 meters by 1.00 meters. A distinction is made between single-chamber and multi-chamber blasting systems. Attention should be paid to the greater vibrations that occur with chamber blasts than with other blasting methods such as large borehole blasting .
particularities
An upstream embankment foot should be removed beforehand, as otherwise the even ejection of the extraction mass will be impaired. Large charges of explosives are placed in the chamber (s). The particular attention paid to the inclination of the wall of the quarry is decisive for a successful blast and should be over 70 °. In the case of multi-chamber systems, attention must be paid to the special spacing from one another in order to ensure that the areas of activity overlap effectively. The ignition process in the case of chamber explosions is only carried out by igniting with detonating cord and detonator . Chamber blasting is ideal for mining very brittle and hard rocks such as granite , diabase , porphyry , gneiss , melaphyre and basalt . Also for the extraction of cohesive earth and limestone quarries .
safety
Special safety regulations and calculation formulas apply to chamber explosions. A distinction is made between L-shaped tunnels and T-shaped ones. The compressive strength and the strength value of the material to be blasted are very important. A chamber blast may only be carried out by trained and trained blasters (responsible manager). This must be in possession of a blasting permit or authorization certificate. In addition, this type of blasting must also be reported to the professional association , subject to approval. The chamber blasting process has hardly been used in the Federal Republic since 1980 with regard to the increased vibrations.
Chamber explosion in the military field
historical development
In order to destroy protective walls or defensive structures in order to take away the effect of these bastions , they were undermined or undermined. After that, the wooden tunnel supports were burned with fire, which led to their collapse. As a result, the corresponding masonry collapsed or was at least badly damaged. The pioneer soldiers were once called " miners " as in mining . The created rooms were called mine chambers or mines, later blasting chambers. Traditions of mine trenches are already documented by the Romans , the Fidenae around 664 BC and later by Veji around 393 BC. A similar tactic was used by the Mongols on the Great Wall of China . They used black powder , invented around 1044 , to blow up the defense works.
1600 to 1900
In particular during the siege of the Ottomans of Vienna in 1529 and 1683 , several mine explosions were used. It was spectacular when on September 3, 1683 the Ottomans and Viennese clashed while mining and contaminating and fought fierce battles in the tunnel. With the rapid development of technology and progress around 1900, there was a risk of letting the enemy use their own transport facilities , railway systems , bridges and tunnels in the event of armed conflict . To prevent this, the technicians and engineers had to include mine or explosive chambers in important load-bearing components when planning. In the buildings erected around this time, the appropriate rooms were available and were used by both sides. The remains of many bridges can still be seen with a careful look. In the case of bridges, the anchor chambers of the abutments were also used as explosive chambers . In the case of larger bridge structures, there was an accessible gallery under the bridge fields so that explosive charges could also be attached to the pillars .
First World War
A particular tactic , the developed mine warfare during the trench warfare in the First World War . Mainly the Allies dug tunnels under the trench system of the enemy ( Germany ) and had their climax with the explosions on June 7th 1917 in the Battle of Messines . A sad late episode occurred in Messines on June 17, 1955, when a lightning strike or static electricity caused an explosion . An explosion crater about 60 meters in diameter and 20 meters deep was created. Apparently not all mines were detonated during the war. But even in the Alpine War between Italy and Austria-Hungary , entire hilltops were blown off in order to secure advantages in the course of the war. The 2462 meter high Col di Lana peak , the part of the Dolomites in the Fanes group , lost its mountain top . The Italian miners had dug tunnels and the blasting took place on the night of April 17, 1916. The Austrians were able to get to safety, however.
Second World War
In the period that followed, the tasks of the miners changed; they no longer had to create tunnels to face the enemy. The pioneers armed forces developed . They had the general task of securing and promoting their own movements, on the other hand, to stop and hinder the movements of the opponent. This is particularly reflected in the Second World War , when during the advance of the Wehrmacht, important tracks, bridges and tunnels were blown up through self-destruction in order to stop the Germans. Stalin , for example, had everything that could be used transported to the Russian hinterland to the east and, with the Torchman order, destroyed all accommodations in the combat area by fire so that they could not be used by the Germans. When the Wehrmacht withdrew, they also left behind a field of debris, so-called scorched earth .
After 1945
In Germany during the Cold War phase , further barriers and obstructive systems were built on both sides in Germany to make the movements and penetration of an enemy more difficult and difficult. The job description in the Bundeswehr was called Wallmeister . The possibilities were very diverse and affected all areas of public life. Blasting chambers, drop barriers, blasting shafts, explosive tubes, explosive traps, plug-in carrier barriers and lifting barriers were used as prepared barriers . Some barriers with blasting chambers also had observation bunkers and shooting bunkers with openings in the field of fire.
In an emergency, the locks would have been triggered by an ignition command from an engineer unit . This included other military units to fight or destroy the invading enemy.
No further barriers were put in place after 1990, and most were dismantled or dismantled in the 1990s. As part of maintenance measures or maintenance projects on buildings, track systems, bridges, tunnels and roads, the systems are dismantled and closed. It cannot be proven whether the blasting chambers, blasting shafts , blasting tubes and others in Germany were provided with explosive charges. The use of atomic mines or explosive devices cannot be precisely proven either.
literature
- Second ordinance on the Explosives Act
- Elke, Andreas and Manuel Erhard: Blocking and blasting preparations at the time of the German division . "German Youth" Foundation, 2014, ISBN 978-3-9815712-3-3 .
Web links
- Dresden Sprengschule GmbH
- Barriers
- Christoph Gunkel: Mine use in the First World War. “Gentlemen, we will change the geography!” In: one day . January 21, 2014.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Friedrich Weichelt : Handbook of commercial blasting technology for demolition masters, technicians and engineers in the stone and earth industry, in construction and well construction, in forestry and agriculture . 2., revised. Edition. Marhold, 1953, DNB 455415897 .
- ↑ a b c d e Accident Prevention Regulation "Blasting Work" (VBG 46) of April 1, 1985 in the version of January 1, 1997
- ↑ a b The mine war in the First World War from an explosive point of view. Reprint of the magazine for the entire gunnery and explosives industry, 1937. Survival Press (spiral binding).
- ↑ Dimitri Volkogonow: Stalin - Triumph and Tragedy. Econ, Düsseldorf / Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-612-26011-1 , p. 617.
- ↑ a b Traces of history