Small long-tailed small tenrek

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Small long-tailed small tenrek
Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Travel treks (Oryzorictinae)
Genre : Kleintenreks ( Microgale )
Type : Small long-tailed small tenrek
Scientific name
Microgale longicaudata
Thomas , 1882

The small long-tailed Kleintenrek or small long-tailed tanrek ( Microgale longicaudata ) is a species of mammal from the genus of Kleintenreks within the tenrek family . It lives in the tropical rainforests of eastern Madagascar and occurs there from the lower to the higher mountain ranges. As with other Kleintenreks, the animals are characterized by their spindle-shaped body with powerful limbs and the long, narrow, pointed head. The tail is up to twice the length of the rest of the body. This acts as a grasping organ with which the animals can hold on to the branches. Other anatomical features, such as the enlarged rear foot, point to a partially tree-climbing locomotion. The activities mostly take place at night, the diet is based on insects . Otherwise, little is known about the way of life of the lesser long-tailed tinker. It was scientifically described in 1882. In the course of research history, the species also partially included some other long-tailed small tenreks. The stock is now considered safe.

features

Habitus

The small long-tailed small tenrek is a small representative of the small tenreks, it resembles the major long-tailed small tenrek ( Microgale majori ) and the large long-tailed small tenrek ( Microgale principula ), in terms of size it is intermediate between the two. According to studies of four individuals from the Anosyenne Mountains in the south-east of Madagascar, the head-trunk length is 6.2 to 6.6 cm, the tail is 12.8 to 15.1 cm, the body weight varies from 5.7 up to 7.8 g. Another four analyzed individuals from the Marojejy and Anjanaharibe massifs in the northeast of the island had a body length of 6.8 to 7.4 cm, a tail length of 14.5 to 15.1 cm and a weight of 7.5 to 9, 5 g. In principle, the small long-tailed small tenrek resembles the other members of its genus and, like them, has a spindle-shaped body with short and strong limbs and a long, narrow head that ends at the snout. The ears are relatively large and measure between 14 and 17 mm in length. The back fur is reddish-brown in color, while on the underside, gray tones are dominant, mixed with a light reddish yellow-brown or with yellowish-brown washings. The tail is extraordinarily long and can be more than double the length of the rest of the body. It is covered by a short-haired fur, which in turn overlays the scaly skin structure. What is noticeable here is a bare spot on the underside of the tip of the tail, which extends over a length of about 11 mm and also has transverse folds. The hands and feet each have five rays with strong claws. At the hind foot the fifth (outer) ray is elongated and becomes about as long as the second ray. The length of the entire rear foot varies from 12 to 18 mm. Females have a pair of teats in the chest, between zero and two in the abdomen and two in the groin.

Skull and dentition features

The skull is relatively small overall. Its greatest length is 18.7 to 21.5 mm, the greatest width at the skull varies between 8.4 and 9.6 mm. The rostrum is moderately short, the back of the skull is rather long and low. The zygomatic arches are not as closed at all tenrecs. The dentition consists of 40 teeth along the dental formula is: . In the upper row of teeth there are short diastemas between the first two incisors and on both sides of the canine and the first premolar (P2). The canine is about the same height as the innermost incisor or exceeds it, on the second incisor, on the canine and on the first premolar, additional cusps are formed in the front and rear sections of the tooth crown. The last premolar is only slightly higher than the previous one. In the lower jaw, the anterior premolar has the shape of a canine tooth ( caniniform ). The molars correspond with their zalambdodonten Kauflächenmuster consisting of three Haupthöckerchen those of other microgale. The last molar in the upper jaw is reduced in size. The entire upper row of teeth is 8.7 to 10.4 mm long.

distribution

Distribution of the small long-tailed miniature tenrec with representation of individual additional detection areas (crosses)

The small long-tailed Kleintenrek is endemic to Madagascar and mainly inhabits the eastern parts of the country. The outstanding find spots in the north of the island state include the Montagne d'Ambre , the mountain massifs of Anjanaharibe and Marojejy as well as the forest area of ​​Ambolokopatrika connecting the latter two and the forest area of ​​Makira further south, all in the province of Antsiranana . In addition, evidence comes from the Tsaratanana massif in the province of Mahajanga , the mountain massif includes the Maromokotro, the highest point on the island. In the central part of the island, the animals are found around the Ankaratra massif southwest and in the forest area of ​​Tsinjoarivo south of Antananarivo , and also in the forest area of ​​Ambohitantely north of the Malagasy capital; all three find areas are in the province of Antananarivo . In addition, the forest areas of Ambatovy-Analamay-Torotorofotsy in the province of Toamasina and of Ankazomivady as well as of Ranomafana in the province of Fianarantsoa represent further important find locations, as well as the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the provinces Toamasina and Antananarivo. In the south, the Anosyenne Mountains in the province of Toliara are particularly noteworthy. Apart from this distribution area, animals have also been observed in the forest area of ​​Kirindy in western Madagascar, also in the province of Toliara. The animals live mainly in tropical rainforests , only in western Madagascar they can also be found in drier, deciduous forests. In some cases, however, they also penetrate into forest areas with slight human influence. They are present in the lower to higher mountain levels, the height distribution ranges from 530 to 2500 m. They can occur quite frequently, especially at higher altitudes. The small long-tailed small tenrek appears sympatric with other long-tailed members of the genus at numerous sites .

Way of life

The way of life of the lesser long-tailed lesser tenreks is largely unexplored. The animals predominantly inhabit dense forests. Due to some anatomical features such as the extremely long tail with its bare tip or the elongated rear foot, especially the outer toe, a partly tree-climbing way of life ( scansorial ) has been adopted since the beginning of the 20th century , there was no direct evidence for this for a long time . Most of the animals' observations were made directly on the ground, so it was assumed that they would spend at least part of their time there. Individual individuals were rarely seen at heights of 1 to 2.5 m above the ground. It was not until the mid-1990s that field research on the Anjanaharibe massif proved that the tail actually functions as a prehensile tail ; an animal held on to the branches only with the tip of its tail for at least 10 seconds. According to studies of individuals from the Kirindy forest area, the animals move forward on their forays both on the ground and in the trees. They are also nocturnal, their activities start between 6:30 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. They spend the day in a nest with a diameter of around 5 cm in the leaf waste on the ground, and after they have eaten, they sometimes rest on branches. Isotope studies on animals from the forest area of ​​Tsinjoarivo indicate that the small long-tailed small tenrek mainly feeds on insects . Stomach contents from eastern Madagascar investigated so far mainly contained remains of grasshoppers and other arthropods . Captured animals ate prey animals up to 6 cm in length. There is hardly any data available on reproduction either, lactating females have only been sighted between October and December. The Fanaloka represents a possible predator . So far, fleas of the genera Paractenopsyllus and Synopsyllus as well as ticks of the genus Ixodes have been diagnosed as external parasites , while the single-cell Eimeria is one of the internal ones .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Kleintenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Microgale  



 Microgale pusilla


   

 Microgale majori


   

 Microgale principula


   

 Microgale jenkinsae


   

 Microgale longicaudata






   

 Microgale mergulus


   

 Microgale parvula




   



 Microgale brevicaudata


   

 Microgale grandidieri



   

 Microgale drouhardi


   

 Microgale monticola


   

 Microgale taiva





   



 Microgale gracilis


   

 Microgale thomasi


   

 Microgale cowani


   

 Microgale jobihely





   

 Microgale dryas


   

 Microgale gymnorhyncha




   

 Microgale soricoides


   

 Microgale fotsifotsy


   

 Microgale nasoloi







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The little long-tailed Kleintenrek is a kind from the kind of microgale ( Microgale ) within the family of tenrecs (Tenrecidae). The Kleintenreks also belong to the subfamily of the Reistenreks (Oryzorictinae), which also includes the rice burrowers ( Oryzorictes ) and the representatives of the genus Nesogale . With more than 20 species, they are the most diverse member of the Tenreks, according to some morphological characteristics they form a rather original branch within the family. According to molecular genetic analyzes, the genus originated in the Lower Miocene around 16.8 million years ago and diversified very strongly in the period that followed. Today's representatives show adaptations to different ways of life, so there are forms that dig underground, live above ground, or tree-climbing and water-dwelling forms. A predominant part of the Kleintenreks populate the humid forests of eastern Madagascar, but a few species can also be found in the drier landscapes of the western part of the island. Within the genus, different kinship groups can be detected both morphologically and genetically. Because of the long tail, a closer relationship between the long-tailed small tenreks was assumed very early on, which is supported by the genetic data. From the latter point of view, the Jenkins small tenrek ( Microgale jenkinsae ) is the closest relative of the small long-tailed small tenrek.

There are no known subspecies of the lesser long-tailed lesser tenrec. In the Andrahomana Cave southwest of Tolagnaro in the extreme southeast of Madagascar, individual subfossil finds have been described. The cave is embedded in the Eolianite outcrops of the cliff and lies in a transition area from the dry areas of the western to the wetlands of the eastern part of the island. It has been investigated since the end of the 19th century, the extremely rich fossil material covers the period of the last 8700 years. In addition to the small long-tailed small tenrek, there are also remains of other representatives of the genus, such as the short-tailed ( Microgale brevicaudata ) or the gnome small rek ( Microgale pusilla ) as well as the extinct form Microgale macpheei . The region does not belong to the immediate distribution area of ​​the lesser long-tailed small tenrec.

Oldfield Thomas carried out the first scientific description of the lesser long-tailed small tenrec in 1882. He used 39 individuals that had been picked up by W. Deans Cowan in the forest area of ​​Ankafina in central-eastern Madagascar between February and March 1880. Ankafina represents a mountain ridge about 1600 m high, which rises about 10 km south of Ambohimahasia , the region forms the type area of ​​the species. Thomas gave the additional species longicaudata ( Latin longus for "long" and cauda for "tail") in reference to the characteristic tail. Within the series of 39 individuals, two stood out due to their larger body structure on average. This includes the holotype of the species, which includes a full-grown female 6.7 cm in body length and 15.8 cm in tail length with a total length of 22.5 cm. A few years later, Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major examined the series of finds and suggested that it might include different species. Thereupon Thomas separated the 37 smaller individuals in 1918 and described them as major long-tailed small tenrek ( Microgale majori ). Eight years later, Thomas introduced the large long-tailed small tenrek ( Microgale principula ) on the basis of an individual from the vicinity of Midongy in southeastern Madagascar.

In the period that followed, the relationship between the three species was assessed differently. In 1948 , Terence Morrison-Scott understood the two forms described later as subspecies of the lesser long-tailed lesser tenrec. In contrast, in the early 1970s , Henri Heim de Balsac recognized the major long-tailed small tenrek as an independent species, but not the large long-tailed small tenrek. In his general revision of the genus Microgale from 1987, Ross DE MacPhee classified the major long-tailed small tenrek as synonymous with the small long-tailed small tenrek, whereas he led the large long-tailed small tenrek as an independent species. Genetic studies from 2004, which were exclusively devoted to the long-tailed small tenreks, were able to distinguish all three representatives from each other well, which is confirmed by further, much more extensive DNA analyzes from 2016. In contrast, the chromosome examinations presented in 2007 were unable to differentiate between the major and the lesser long-tailed lesser tenrek, as both species are cytogenetically identical; the large long-tailed lesser tenrek is the sister form of the latter.

In 1937, Guillaume Grandidier described two individuals from the area around Antsiranana ( de la région de Diego-Suarez ) in the far north of Madagascar under the name Microgale prolixacaudata . The type specimen had a body length of 5.1 cm and a tail 13.0 cm in length. In their external appearance, for example in terms of coat color and the dimensions of the tail, the animals were similar to the small long-tailed small tenrek, but there were differences in the structure of the skull and teeth. As with longicaudata , the species name prolixacaudata (from the Latin word prolixus for "long") refers to the extended tail. Heim de Balsac later, in 1972, confirmed the independence of the form (whereby he consistently used the designation Microgale amplexicaudata ). However, MacPhee contradicted this in 1987, since he considered the two individuals of Microgale prolixacaudata to be young of the lesser long-tailed lesser tenrek . Consequently, he synonymized Microgale prolixacaudata with Microgale longicaudata . The above-mentioned genetic investigations from 2004 were able to separate a northern clade within the wide distribution area of ​​the lesser long-tailed lesser tenreks, which includes animals from the Montagne d'Ambre , the Anjanaharibe massif , the Marojejy massif and from Monangarivo. Since no further haplotypes could be detected within this geographically narrowly defined area with the exception of the last two mountain massifs and the Montagne d'Ambre represent the presumed area of ​​origin of the two described individuals of Microgale prolixacaudata , the authors concluded that it may be an independent species after all acts. However, they failed to raise Microgale prolixacaudata at the species level, as the type material from Grandidier had not been included in the investigations until now. However, some scientists have since returned to regard the Microgale prolixacaudata as an independent species.

Threat and protection

The IUCN classifies the population of the lesser long-tailed small tiger as “not threatened” ( least concern ). The reasons for this are the wide distribution of the species and the resulting large population . Larger threats are not known, but the loss of suitable habitat due to the conversion of forests into agricultural land, logging to remove building materials or conflagrations have a certain influence. The animals are represented in several nature reserves, this includes the Amber Mountain National Park , the National Park Marojejy , the National Park Mantadia Andisibe , the Ranomafana National Park and the National Park Andohahela . The protected areas in the north also include the form Microgale prolixacaudata . Further field studies on biology and ecology are necessary for a more sustainable protection of the small long-tailed small tiger, and the taxonomic relationships to the major and large long-tailed small teneks must also be clarified , in order, among other things, to determine the exact distribution area of ​​the three closely related species to be able to outline.

literature

  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134-172 (p. 168) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Link E. Olson, Steven M. Goodman and Anne D. Yoder: Illumination of cryptic species boundaries in long-tailed shrew tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae; Microgale), with new insights into geographic variation and distributional constraints. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, 2004, pp. 1-22
  • Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new genus and two new species of Insectivora from Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16, 1882, pp. 319–322 ( [4] )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Steven M. Goodman, Paulina D. Jenkins and Mark Pidgeon: Lipotyphla (Tenrecidae and Soricidae) of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 94, 1999, pp. 187-216
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: The Insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 90, 1998, pp. 139-161
  3. ↑ a b c d Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla; Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 97, 2000, pp. 201-229
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g R. DE MacPhee: The Shrew Tenrecs of Madagascar: Systematic Revision and Holocene Distribution of Microgale (Tenrecidae, Insectivora). American Museum Novitates 2889, 1987, pp. 1-45
  5. ↑ a b c Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, George Schatz and Lucienne Wilmé: Species richness of forest-dwelling birds, rodents and insectivores in a planted forest of native trees: A test case from the Ankaratra, Madagascar. Ecotropica 2, 1996, pp. 109-120
  6. ↑ a b c Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134-172 (p. 168) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  7. ↑ Christopher J. Raxworthy and Ronald A. Nussbaum: A rainforest survey of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals at Montagne d'Ambre, Madagascar. Biological Conservation 69, 1994, pp. 65-73
  8. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Steven M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
  9. ^ Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina, Paula D. Jenkins and Gennaro Aprea: Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1622
  10. ↑ Zafimahery Rakotomalala, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Volatiana Rasataharilala and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non volant de la forêt de Makira, Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 132, 2007, pp. 205-221
  11. ↑ Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les microammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagne de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3), 2008, pp. 695-721
  12. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  13. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Daniel Rakotondravony: The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 250, 2000, pp. 193-200
  14. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
  15. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Pierre Jules Rakotomalaza, Achille Philippe Raselimalala, Rodin Rasoloarinson, Mamy Ravokatra, Voahangy Soarimalala and Lucienne Wilmé: Inventaire biologique de la Forêt d'Ankazomivady, Ambositra. Akon'ny Ala 24, 1998, pp. 19-32
  16. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Steven M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
  17. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
  18. ↑ Landryh Tojomanana Ramanana: Petits mammifères (Afrosoricida et Rodentia) nouvellement recensés dans le Parc National d'Andohahela (parcelle 1), Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 4, 2010, pp. 66-72
  19. ↑ a b c d e Link E. Olson, Steven M. Goodman and Anne D. Yoder: Illumination of cryptic species boundaries in long-tailed shrew tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae; Microgale), with new insights into geographic variation and distributional constraints. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, 2004, pp. 1-22
  20. ↑ JU Ganzhorn, S. Sommer, JP Abraham, M. Ade, BM Raharivololona, ​​ER Rakotovao, C. Rakotondrasoa and R. Randriamarosoa: Mammals of the Kirindy Forest with special emphasis on Hypogeomys antimena and the effects of logging on the small mammal fauna . Primate Report 46-1, 1996, pp. 215-232
  21. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala: Les petits mammifères non-volants des forêts sèches malgaches. Malagasy Nature 1, 2008, pp. 106-134
  22. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala: Les Afrosoricides de la forêt sèche malgache. Afrotherian Conservation 8, 2011, pp. 4-9
  23. ↑ Link E. Olson, Z. Rakotomalala, KBP Hildebrandt, HC Lanier, Christopher J. Raxworthy and Steven M. Goodman: Phylogeography of Microgale brevicaudata (Tenrecidae) and description of a new species from Western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 90 (5), 2009, pp. 1095-1110
  24. ↑ a b c P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Microgale longicaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T13344A97200213 ( [1] ); last accessed on November 13, 2016
  25. ↑ a b Oldfield Thomas: On the arrangement of the small Tenrecidae hitherto referred to Oryzorictes and Microgale. Annals and magazine of natural history 14, 1918, pp. 302–307 ( [2] )
  26. ↑ a b c Roland D. Hilgartner: Some ecological and behavioral notes on the shrew tenrec Microgale cf.longicaudata in the dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar. Afrotherian Conservation 3, 2005, pp. 3-5
  27. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  28. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, FJ Kerridge and RC Ralisomalala: A note on the diet of Fossa fossana (Carnivora) in the central eastern humid forests of Madagascar. Mammalia 67 (4), 2003, pp. 595-598
  29. ↑ Jean-Claude Beaucournu, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina and Steven M. Goodman: Puces (Insecta: Siphonaptera) d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar: Spécificité et phenologie. Malagasy Nature 9, 2015, pp. 39-48
  30. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  31. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, H. Rico Randrenjarison Andriniaina, Voahangy Soarimalala and Jean-Claude Beaucournu: The Fleas of Endemic and Introduced Small Mammals in Central Highland Forests of Madagascar: Faunistics, Species Diversity, and Absence of Host Specificity. Journal of Medical Entomology 52 (5), 2015, pp. 1135-1143
  32. ↑ Michael W. Hastriter and Carl W. Dick: A description of Paractenopsyllus madagascarensis sp. n. and the female of Paractenopsyllus raxworthyi Duchemin & Ratovonjato, 2004 (Siphonaptera, Leptopsyllidae) from Madagascar with a key to the species of Paractenopsyllus. ZooKeys 13, 2009, pp. 43-55
  33. ↑ Malala N. Rakotomanga, Steven M. Goodman, Voahangy Soarimalala, Sebastien Boyer and Dmitry Apanaskevich: Les tiques dures (Acari: Ixodidae) ectoparasites de micromammifères non-volants dans la forêt d'Ambohitantely, Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 12, 2017, pp. 59-67
  34. ↑ Lee Couch, Juha Laakkonen, Steven Goodman, and Donald W. Duszynski: Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2), 2011, pp. 293-296
  35. ↑ a b c d Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  36. ^ JF Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  37. ^ DA Burney, N. Vasey, LR Godfrey, Ramilisonina, WL Jungers, M. Ramarolahy and L. Raharivony: New Findings at Andrahomana Cave, Southeastern Madagascar. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 70 (1), 2008, pp. 13-24
  38. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and William L. Jungers: Extinct Madagascar. Picturing the island's past. University of Chicago Press, 2014, pp. 1–206 (pp. 65–73)
  39. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: Description of a new genus and two new species of Insectivora from Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16, 1882, pp. 319-322
  40. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: On some small mammals from Madagascar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17, 1926, pp. 250-252
  41. ^ TCS Morrison-Scott: The Insectivorous Genera Microgale and Nesogale (Madagascar). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 118, 1948, pp. 817-822
  42. ^ A b Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
  43. ↑ C. Gilbert, SM Goodman, V. Soarimalala, LE Olson, PCM O'Brien, FFB Elder, F. Yang, MA Ferguson-Smith and TJ Robinson: Chromosomal evolution in tenrecs (Microgale and Oryzorictes, Tenrecidae) from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Chromosome Research 15, 2007, pp. 1075-1091
  44. ↑ Guillaume Grandidier: Mammifères nouveaux de la région de Diego-Suarez (Madagascar). Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle ser. 2, 9, 1937, pp. 347-353 ( [3] )
  45. ↑ a b Martin Nicoll and Nanie Ratsifandrihamanana: The growth of Madagascar's protected areas system and its implications for tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae). Afrotherian Conservation 10, 2014, pp. 4-8

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