Konda (language)
| Conda | ||
|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
India (region: Andhra Pradesh ) | |
| speaker | 56,262 | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in | - | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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| ISO 639 -2 |
dra |
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| ISO 639-3 |
kfc |
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Konda ( Koṇḍa , also Koṇḍa-Dora or Kūbi ) is a Dravidian language widespread in Central India . It belongs to the south-central Dravidian branch of this language family. Konda is spoken by 56,000 (2001) members of the Adivasi tribe of the same name, mainly in the Visakhapatnam district in the north of the state of Andhra Pradesh on the border with Orissa . Many Konda speakers are bilingual in the regional majority language, Telugu or Oriya depending on the area . The name Konda comes from Telugu and means "hill", the Konda speakers themselves call their language Kūbi .
phonetics
| labial | dental | alveolar | retroflex | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | pb | td | ṭ ḍ | kg | ʔ | |
| Fricatives | sz | (H) | ||||
| Vibrants | R ṟ | |||||
| Flaps | r | ṛ | ||||
| Nasals | m | n | ṇ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Half vowels | v | y |
There are 23 consonant phonemes in the Konda . Plosives (except for the glottic stroke ʔ ), fricatives and vibrants are differentiated according to voicelessness and voicing . A special feature of the phonology of the Konda is the retention of the proto-Dravidian alveolar . The sound ṟ is a voiced alveolar vibrant and contrasts with the voiced alveolar tap , while R is the unvoiced equivalent of ṟ . All consonants except ʔ , R , ṇ and ŋ can appear initially. Consonant clusters are very rare at the beginning of the word, but appear more often in the loudspeaker.
| front | central | back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| closed | i | ī | u | ū | ||
| medium | e | ē | O | O | ||
| open | a | - | ||||
Konda knows ten vowel phonemes , five long and five short. The vowel length is distinctive, but is only differentiated in the first syllable. If the first syllable is long, it is stressed, otherwise the emphasis is on the second syllable. The final u is usually not morphemic and is spoken in a reduced manner.
Nouns
In terms of nouns , Konda distinguishes between two genera , masculine and non-masculine. The grammatical gender corresponds to the natural gender, i.e. H. males are masculine, while females and non-persons are non-masculine. Konda knows two numbers , singular and plural . The plural is formed by adding one of the plural suffixes -ku , -k , -sku , -ŋu or -ŋ for non-masculine and -r for masculine. The choice of the suffix then follows certain phonetic criteria. Sometimes the stem end is changed (e.g. rāzu "king", rās-ku "kings").
Konda knows five cases : nominative , obliquus - genitive , accusative - dative , instrumental - ablative and locative . The nominative is unmarked (z. B. veyu "mouth") through Anfüngung of suffixes to the oblique strain ( veyudi "mouth") (eg., The remaining cases veyudiŋ "mouth") is formed.
The personal pronouns are singular nān (u) "I" and nīn (u) "you". In the plural, a distinction is made between inclusive and exclusive we : māp (u) "we (without you)" and māṭ (u) "we (with you)". The personal pronoun for "her" is mīr (u) .
The numerals from 1 to 7 are: 1 unṟi , 2 ruṇḍi , 3 mūnṟi , 4 nālgi , 5 aydu , 6 āru , 7 ēṛu . The other numerals are borrowed.
Verbs
From the verb in Konda are finite and infinite shapes formed. The verb forms nine finite categories: affirmative of the past, affirmative of the non-past, negative of the past, negative of the non-past, durative , imperative , prohibitive (negative imperative), desiderative and mandatory . Affirmative and negative of the past and non-past have temporal meaning, the durative aspectual and the rest modal . The verb form is made up of the stem, a suffix that indicates tense or mode (for the affirmative of the past, for example -t ), and a personal suffix . As an example, the past affirmative for the verb ki ("to make") is given:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | daycare | kitap (exclusive) |
| kita (inclusive) | ||
| 2. | kiti | kitider |
| 3. mask. | kitan | kitar |
| 3. non-mask. | kitad | kite |
The durative denotes an ongoing act of the past or non-past and is formed with one of the suffixes -zin , -sin or -in (e.g. kizinan "he is doing "). The negative denotes a negative verb form. In the non-past it is indicated by the negative marker -ʔ and the negative personal suffixes , which differ somewhat from those of the affirmative (e.g. kiʔen “he does not do”). The negative of the past is formed by combining the negative marker and the suffix -t for the past (e.g. kiʔetan “he did not”). The imperative is formed by the suffix -ʔa in the 2nd person singular and -du , -ḍu , -ṟu , -u or -tu in the 2nd person plural (e.g. kiʔa "mache!", Kidu "macht ! "). The prohitiv is a negative imperative and is expressed by the suffixes -ma and -maṭ (e.g. kima “don't do!”, Kimaṭ “don't do!”).
Dialects
As the language of the illiterate tribal population, Konda has no written tradition and therefore no standard variant. The language is therefore divided into several local dialects. The most important isogloss runs between the eastern Guri dialect (Gūṛi) and the other dialects in the west. The Guri speakers and the speakers of the other dialects are spatially separated by more than 80 kilometers and have little contact with one another. Mutual understandability of the dialects is only possible with difficulty, but the dialects are still similar enough that one can speak of a common language. The differences between the dialect variants can be seen in the following word equations:
| No. | meaning | Guri dialect | Other dialects |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | hill | goṟo | goṟon, gṟōnu |
| 2. | tree | maṛa | maran, mrānu |
| 3. | Ox | saṛa, saṛanu | ṛānu |
| 4th | burning coal | tiṛimbu | ṛīmbu |
| 5. | daughter | makasi | gālu, gāṛu |
| 6th | two men | riveṛ | riʔer |
| 7th | three men | muveṛ | must |
| 8th. | eat! | unu | uṇʔa |
| 9. | eye | canoe | kaṇu, kaṇka |
| 10. | Grain basket | sēṟi | sēRi |
| 11. | suspended net | uṟi | uRi |
| 12. | pig | par | panṟi |
| 13. | he | vāṟ | vānṟu |
As can be seen in the examples, the initial syllables of the words are retained in the Guri dialect, while in the other dialects the vowel has been partially shortened (Examples 1–2) or the syllable has disappeared entirely (3–5). The Guri dialect also retains the original v , which has become ʔ in the Western dialects (6–8). In contrast, in the Guri dialect the retroflexe ṇ coincides with the alveolar n (8–9) as well as the sound sequences nr and R (10–13), while the other dialects maintain the distinction.
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Indian census 2001
- ↑ According to Krishnamurti / Benham, p. 242
literature
- Bh. Krishnamurti and Brett A. Benham: Koṇḍa . In: Sanford B. Steever (Ed.): The Dravidian Languages . London: Routledge, 1998. pp. 241-269