Coenesthesia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
F20.8 Other schizophrenia:
coenesthetic (coenestopathic) schizophrenia
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

The Zönästhesie (from Greek . Koinos "generally" and αἴσθησις AISTHESIS "perception", "feeling") or the girdle sensation referred to phenomena of body perception. In the medical sense, unclear and weakly pronounced, sometimes not localizable sensations are considered coenesthesia. In contrast to this, dysesthesia is called sensory disturbance.

term

The term coenesthesia was first introduced in 1794 by the Halle psychiatrist Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813) and his doctoral student Huebner. Also René Spitz (1887-1974) has been under developmental rendered outstanding aspects for the dissemination of the concept. The term often used in France may include a. on the French psychiatrist Ernest Dupré (1862–1921). - Alternative conceptual spellings exist as Coenästhesie , Koenästhesie or Zoenästhesie and are also among the synonyms Vital feeling , lifestyle , body sensation , body sense , common sense ( sensus communis ) and common sensation known.

Between sensation and perception

If one regards coenesthesia as phenomena of the mind , then, like feelings , one can also regard them as sensory performances. More conscious coenesthesia are described not only as common sensations, but also as body perceptions. Examples are hunger, thirst, fatigue, sexual arousal. They are only indistinctly differentiated from organ sensations. Hunger can appear as a general vital body sensation , but also as an unpleasant perception in the pit of the stomach. Similarly, it is the case with nausea . - On the differences of the subject of consciousness has Karl Jaspers pointed (1883-1969). He distinguished between figurative and bodily qualities of conception. In the case of the pictorial qualities the character of subjectivity predominates, in the case of the bodily qualities the objectivity character. Pictorial conceptions are to be viewed as ideas, bodily ones as perceptions. The conception is animated by the process of the intentional act . As sensations close to the body, however, vital feelings are often described as alien to the personality or as belonging to deeper layers of consciousness. Also be as personality-close state feelings experienced.

Neurophysiology

According to the word meaning from ancient Greek koinê aisthêsis (ϰοινὴ αἴσθησις), first of all the highest sensory performances in the tertiary brain centers, which are to be understood according to Aristotle and today's theory of perception, are to be mentioned as sensory performances that are "common to all senses", compare also the representation of this theory based on sight . This form of sensus communis in sensualistic understanding of the word also meant Henri Ey with “coenesthesia” as “higher performance” of the brain in his organodynamic theory . Carl Gustav Jung uses the term coenesthesia in this sense as a higher “complex of ideas” that is related to the perception of the ego . Terms such as “higher” complex of ideas or “deep” feeling presuppose spatial metaphors or are based on a theory of layers . On the other hand, hunger and thirst, for example, are some of the oldest community emotions in terms of phylogenetic and developmental history and can therefore rightly be described as close to the body according to the phylogenetic concept of desomatization and the basic psychogenetic law . - In the textbook by Hermann Rein and Max Schneider , hunger and thirst are referred to as “community feelings”. The term “community feeling” is derived from the fact that this cannot be localized. On the other hand, anaclitic stimuli , as they are often related to eating habits, are to be viewed as triggers for community-building behavior ( internalization ).

A literary example

"My heart burned in my body,
I secretly thought to myself,
Oh, who could come with me on that glorious
summer night."

- Eichendorff

The "burning of the heart" can literally be called coenesthesia. It is questionable whether the “heart” is only meant symbolically, i. H. representative of mind . Gruhle discusses the point of view of the object relationship , as it appears to be contained in the concept of longing and also applies to other feelings. Also the hunger z. B. such an object relationship, namely that of food. Furthermore, the question arises whether the Eichendorff quotation contains an emotional movement that addresses not only sensory qualities, but also motor and emotional components of will and action. The term emotional movement is more about the timing, says Gruhle. Emotion, just be a picture. Nothing is moving. On the other hand, this “movement” can also be imagined as an inner attitude or provision - following a model that Gruhle did not take into account. The concept of nausea should be referred to here as an opposing body feeling to hunger .

Questions about the object relationship of coenesthesia undoubtedly clarify the close-to-body character of these feelings. In the case of longing, however, such a concrete object reference is not necessarily to be assumed. Longing can also refer to the indefinite desire to move away from a very specific and fixed place, to which one is bound to oneself or even to which one feels trapped ( wanderlust ). In this case too, however, physical “movements” are at least intended. In this respect, coenesthesia is no exception to the general ambivalence inherent in all affectivity . A two-dimensional distinction between

  1. active (object-related) and passive (freely floating and diffuse) or between
  2. pleasant (positive) and uncomfortable (negative) toned feelings

thus appears true, but does not yet exhaustively reflect the variety of ambivalent attitudes.

Lifestyle

In a positive sense , attitude to life is often defined as the conscious feeling of participating in real life, of being in the middle of life, as an expression of vitality . Lifestyle is therefore partly synonymous with vitality. This definition includes common perceptions such as hunger and thirst, but also represents a rather long-term and socially overarching assessment of the state of mind or a basic mood . Max Scheler described the feeling of life as spatial and temporal distant feelings.

In a negative sense , an attitude towards life only becomes conscious when the basic conditions of existence appear threatened. Emil Lederer emphasized this using the example of the economically independent social class after the First World War in contrast to the working class.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder Tower of Babel (1563) - attitude to life before the outbreak of the Eighty Years War

Lifestyle is particularly expressed in art. It can be illustrated using the example of Gothic . A different attitude towards life can be found in various Gothic art movements such as B. the direction in the Île de France (z. B. Notre Dame de Paris ), at Strasbourg Cathedral and at Mainz Cathedral to illustrate. Pieter Brueghel the Elder expressed the attitude towards life of the Dutch population before the outbreak of the Eighty Years War , which can be recognized not only by the threatening leaning of the tower.

Wolfgang Schmidbauer sees the modern way of life threatened by fear . It will be brought into a fatal dependence on the progress of industrial society. The increasing tendency to be single, for example, makes it more difficult to decide to have children and thus to demographic change .

localization

The heart as a localization of body feelings was already discussed in the penultimate chapter. Cited a literary example . Often - at least in parlance - the stomach is the seat of feelings. So is z. B. the talk of "having anger in your stomach". Gerd Gigerenzer referred to gut feeling as a synonym for intuition . Compared to rational considerations, intuitive decisions have the advantage of faster, easier and more effective assessments. It is questionable whether purely organic, narrowly circumscribed dysesthesias are to be counted among the coenesthesias. Under belt feeling z. B. will u. a. understood in neurology a feeling of being constricted, as if a tight belt surrounds the body. According to the Roche Lexicon Medicine and the Pschyrembel Dictionary , this is observed in myelitis , tabes and angina pectoris , for example . However, according to older dictionaries such as that of Dornblüth or Guttmann, this belt feeling is also observed in hysteria and neurasthenia . Similar compound terms are e.g. B. Shingles . The assignment of the belt feeling to the coenesthesia appears appropriate in the case of hysteria or neurasthenia, i.e. without a certain organic correlate. The localization in coenesthesia is rather fluid from case to case or in the course of the same disease. Hysteria is sometimes characterized by half-sided symptoms that are only apparent and cannot be precisely defined. Medical terminology also knows the term “zonaesthesia” as synonymous with belt feeling, derived from the spread of body feelings over certain “body zones” or over circumscribed areas and therefore not to be confused with “coenesthesia”!

History of Psychiatry

In the first half of the 19th century, the term coenesthesia has been understood since Pierre Cabanis in France as a mediating term between purely external influences and spontaneous mental activity. Since French medicine was leading at the time, the term "vital body sensation" or "body feeling" has become commonplace based on the vitalists . This is understood to mean “the feeling for one's own physical existence that is based on the unconscious registration of proprioceptive sensations in the viscera and is closely linked to the sphere of body feeling” in the sense of a sense of well-being or a good general feeling of well-being. Whether “vital body sensations” or “body feelings” refer specifically to the viscera , as explained on the basis of the above and the following source, appears to be questionable. With regard to the supposedly underlying idea that "sensations arising in the bowels are continuously registered in the unconscious part of the psyche", see also the distinction between proprioception and visceroception . Purely linguistic derivation - for example from ancient Greek koilia (κολἱα) = belly - does not apply. When comparing the somatosensory and somatomotor cortex, it is noticeable that although visceroception is assigned to the somatosensory cortex, the somatomotor cortex does not correspond here, cf. The following fig. The motor control of the viscera is known to be subject to the autonomic and not the somatic nervous system . However, it is all the more to be assumed that this central representation of the viscera plays a role in the development of the body scheme. This somatosensory development, especially in the cortically sensitive association or secondary field ( lobulus parietalis superior ), is one of the most differentiated and late-maturing functions and is therefore subject to correspondingly diverse influences of damage. The French neurologist Pierre Bonnier (1861–1918) proposed the term ashematism (French: aschématie) for these disorders.

Homunculus - division into motor and sensory cortex

Current use

According to Gerd Huber, abnormal perceptions and sensations affecting one's own body are often referred to as coenesthesia in the narrower sense . These include dysesthesia such as tingling, sensations of shrinking one's own body, circling perception of movement in the abdomen. Coenesthesia occur in mental disorders such as hysteria , hypochondria or depression (so-called somatized depression ), which can be explained by the concept of resomatization .

According to Huber, coenesthesia in the broader sense or body hallucinations - also known as coenesthetic hallucinations - as they occur in schizophrenia are to be distinguished from coenesthesia . The latter are perceived as being made from outside . The cause of the abnormal body feeling is localized outside of one's own body (for example, “one is flowed through by electrical currents that emanate from certain devices” or “changed inside the body through hypnosis”). This is not the case with coenesthesia in the narrower sense.

See also

literature

  • S. Brunnhuber, S. Frauenknecht, K. Lieb: Intensive course in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Urban & Fischer, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-437-42131-X .
  • Thomas Fuchs : Coenesthesia - on the history of community feeling. In: Gerhardt Nissen , Frank Badura (Hrsg.): Series of publications of the German Society for the History of Neurology. Volume 2, Würzburg 1997, pp. 89-102.
  • Jean Starobinski : Le concept de cénesthésie et les idées neuropsychologiques de Moritz Schiff . In: Gesnerus , No. 34, 1977, pp. 2-20.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jürgen Court, Arno Müller: Yearbook 2014 of the German Society for the History of Sports Science eV LIT Verlag Münster, 2016, ISBN 978-3-643-13245-1 , p. 71 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Stavros Mentzos : Neurotic Conflict Processing. Introduction to the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, taking into account more recent perspectives. © 1982 Kindler, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1992, ISBN 3-596-42239-6 ; P. 94 on Stw. "Coenaesthetic".
  3. ^ René A. Spitz : From infant to toddler . Natural history of mother-child relationships in the first year of life. Klett, Stuttgart 1974
  4. ↑ a b c Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984:
    (a) p. 626 on lexicon lemma “Zönästhesie”; P. 606 on lexicon lemma "Vital body sensations", "Vital feelings";
    (b) p. 628 on lexicon lemma “feelings of state”;
    (c) as (a).
  5. ↑ Hans-Dieter Mennel: Daseinsanalyse in der Psychiatrie: To the history of anthropological and biological approaches in neuropathy. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 157–167, here: p. 162.
  6. ^ A b Rudolf Eisler : Dictionary of Philosophical Terms. 2nd Edition. 1st edition. 2 volumes historically-source-wise edited. v. Rudolf Eisler. Berlin 1899, 1904. Volume 1: A – N. Volume 2: O-Z. (a)  online (common perceptions) (b)  online (lifestyle)
  7. ↑ Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology. 9th edition. Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-03340-8 , 1st part: The individual facts of the soul. § 1 Object Awareness, p. 51 f.
  8. ↑ a b c d Hans Walter Gruhle : Understanding Psychology. 2nd Edition. Experiential theory. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1956; (a) to Stw. “Common sensations”, pp. 39, 42 f., 208, 211; (b) to Stw. “Layer theory”, p. 41 f .; (c) to Stw. “Emotional Movement”, p. 50; (c) to district “feeling for life”, pp. 43, 410, 482, 486.
  9. ^ A b Max Scheler : Essence and Forms of Sympathy . 2nd Edition. Cohen-Verlag, Bonn 1923; to Stw. “Body and Life Feelings”: The author uses these terms, which go back to vitalism .
  10. ↑ Aristotle : De anima III, 2 p. 425 to 15
  11. ^ Friedrich Kirchner : Dictionary of Basic Philosophical Terms , 1907; Article sensus communis
  12. ^ Henri Ey : Consciousness . Translated by Karl Peter Kister, 1967, de Gruyter, p. 1.
  13. ↑ Carl Gustav Jung : Experimental investigations . Collected Works, Volume 2. Walter-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1995, ISBN 3-530-40077-7 ; Cape. XVIII. A brief overview of the complex teaching. § 1352, p. 625.
  14. ↑ Hermann Rein , Max Schneider : Introduction to Human Physiology. 15th edition. Springer, Berlin 1964, p. 674.
  15. ^ René A. Spitz : From infant to toddler . Natural history of mother-child relationships in the first year of life. 11th edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-608-91823-X .
  16. ↑ John Bowlby : Separation . Psychological damage as a result of the separation of mother and child. Kindler, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-463-02171-4 .
  17. ↑ Sven Olaf Hoffmann , G. Hochapfel: Neuroses, psychotherapeutic and psychosomatic medicine. 6th edition. Compact textbook, Schattauer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 ; to Stw. “Psychic Development”, pp. 26–35.
  18. ↑ a b Thure von Uexküll : Basic questions of psychosomatic medicine. Rowohlt Taschenbuch, Reinbek near Hamburg 1963; (a) to the district “Provisioning”, pp. 170 ff., 184 ff., 190 f., 194 ff., 201 ff., 222, 225, 235; (b) Re. "Nausea": pages (173), 175 f., 195
  19. ↑ a b c Nicole Krämer, Stephan Schwan, Dagmar Unz, Monika Suckfüll: Medienpsychologie. Keywords and Concepts . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2016.
  20. ↑ Duden : The German orthography. Spelling, grammar and meaning of a word. 24th edition. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 2006. (online)
  21. ↑ Harald Høffding : Psychology in outline based on experience . Reisland, Leipzig 1887; 2nd edition, p. 126.
  22. ↑ Harald Høffding: Humor as a way of life (The great humor) . A psychological study. Teubner, Leipzig 1918. (Reprint of the 2nd edition. Müller, Saarbrücken 2007, ISBN 978-3-8364-0814-1 )
  23. ↑ Emil Lederer : For social psychological habit of the present. In: Arch. F. Social Science 46, 1918.
  24. ↑ a b Wolfgang Schmidbauer : Fear of life . Everyone has it, nobody wants it. What we can do about fear. Herder, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-451-28615-7 ; (a) on “fatal dependence on the progress of industrial society”, p. 100; (b) on “Being single and demographic change”, p. 54 review
  25. ↑ Günther Drosdowski u. a .: The style dictionary of the German language . Duden Volume 2, Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1970, ISBN 3-411-00902-0 , p. 113.
  26. ↑ Gerd Gigerenzer : gut decisions . The intelligence of the unconscious and the power of intuition. Bertelsmann, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-00937-6 (English: Gut Feelings . Viking, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-670-03863-3 )
  27. ↑ a b c Norbert Boss (Ed.): Roche Lexicon Medicine. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-541-13191-8 ; (a) to Lexikon-Stw. “Belt Feeling”, p. 702; (b) to Lexikon-Stw. "Zonesthesia", p. 1858; (c) to Lexikon-Stw. "Zönesthesie", pp. 1857 f .; Gesundheit.de/roche
  28. ^ Willibald Pschyrembel : Pschyrembel . Clinical Dictionary. 154-184. Edition. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1964; to Lexikon-Stw. "Belt feeling", p. 324.
  29. ^ Otto Dornblüth : Clinical Dictionary . 13/14 edition. 1927.
  30. ↑ a b Herbert Volkmann (Ed.): Guttmanns Medical Terminology . Derivation and explanation of the most common technical terms of all branches of medicine and their auxiliary sciences. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1939; (a) to lexicon lemma: “belt feeling” column 368; (b) to lexicon lemma: “Zonaesthesia”: column 1053.
  31. ↑ Erwin H. Ackerknecht : Brief history of psychiatry. 3. Edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-432-80043-6 , p. 61.
  32. ↑ Marcel Garnier: Dictionnaire des Termes techniques de Médecine. 18th edition. Lib. Maloine, Paris 1965; (a) on Lexicon Lemma “Cénesthesie”, p. 171; (b) on Lexicon Lemma "Cénesthesiopathie", p. 172.
  33. ^ A b Gerd Huber : Psychiatry. Systematic teaching text for students and doctors. FK Schattauer, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-7945-0404-6 ; (a) Coenesthesia in the narrower sense, pp. 107, 120, 157 ff., 170, 177 f .; (b) Coenesthesia in the broader sense, pp. 157 ff., 164, 184, 188
  34. ↑ Gerd Huber: The coenesthetic schizophrenia. In: Advances in Neurology and Psychiatry, Volume 25, 1957, pp. 429-426.