Lomatium grayi

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Lomatium grayi
Lomatium grayi

Lomatium grayi

Systematics
Order : Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family : Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Subfamily : Apioideae
Tribe : Apieae
Genre : Lomatium
Type : Lomatium grayi
Scientific name
Lomatium grayi
(JMCoult. & Rose) JMCoult. & Rose

Lomatium grayi is a species of the genus Lomatium within the umbelliferae family(Apiaceae). It iswidespreadin western North America , where it becomes English Gray's biscuitroot, Gray's lomatium, Gray's Desert Parsley, pungent desert parsley, Mountain desert parsley, Narrow-leaf lomatium ; called latítlatit in Sahaptin . Since the processing of the Lomatium grayi complex in 2018, Lomatium grayi s. st. only in the US states of Colorado , Idaho , Utah , Wyoming and New Mexico .

description

Habit, leaves and inflorescences
Deciduous leaves and double-ended inflorescence

Vegetative characteristics

Lomatium grayi is a perennial herbaceous plant . Unlike other types of the Lomatium complex, it only reaches heights of growth of 8 to 20 centimeters. The plant emits a strong, unpleasant smell, as one of its common English names , pungent desert parsley, ( English pungent = biting, sharp, pungent) suggests. A long, irregularly thickened taproot is formed as a permanent organ . The caudex is simple or branched. The caudex is surrounded by leaf sheaths and petioles from previous years, which weather in fibers but are later not retained as scales. The stem is bare.

The only basal, bare leaves are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The bloated leaf sheath is present along the entire length of the 3.5 to 10 cm long petiole. The 10 to 16 centimeters long leaf blade is more or less egg-shaped in outline and pinnate. There are five to eight leaflets on each side of the leaf hachis. These leaflets are pinnate. These leaf segments can be single or pinnate again. With a length of 1 to 11 millimeters, the leaf segments are thread-like to linear with a pointed upper end.

Generative characteristics

Lomatium grayi blooms in North America from April to July. The inflorescence stem is 7.5 to 22 inches long. The double-gold inflorescence has 7 to 22 ascending to spread-ascending, 2 to 15 centimeters long rays. There are 10 to 40 flowers in each little box. There are no bracts . There are husk leaves. The flower stalks are 6 to 16 millimeters long.

The mostly hermaphrodite, relatively small flowers are five-fold. There is no chalice . The five free petals are relatively wide and yellow. There are five stamens . The anthers are yellow or ocher in color. The ovary is subordinate.

The fruit stalks are 2 to 18 millimeters long. The bald double achenes are elongated or elliptical with a length of 5 to 18 millimeters. The actual fruit is 1.5 to 5 millimeters wide. The fruits have a wing. The thin wing is 0.4 to 2 millimeters wide. There is an oil passage for each rib interval.

ecology

The growth of the above-ground parts of the plant is slow as the young plant specimens invest a large part of the resources in the growth of the taproot. They grow over about seven years.

The plant specimens sprout in early spring, bloom quickly, set seeds and then go into a summer rest phase ( dormancy ). Individual individuals do not bloom for consecutive years. The fruits ripen in North America in July and August. Sowing in autumn and subsequent dormancy are required to allow the diaspores to germinate in the wild.

Lomatium grayi is a forage plant for a subspecies of the swallowtail ( Papilio machaon bairdi , English Baird's Swallowtail ) occurring in western North America , as well as for the swallowtail species Papilio zelicaon ( English Anise Swallowtail ). According to Alexander et al. 2018 Lomatium grayi against the other species of Lomatium grayi complex no fodder plant for caterpillars of the dovetail type Papilio Indra ( English Indra swallowtail ).

In 2009, Ogle and Brazee list Lomatium grayi as a popular spring and summer feed for domestic cattle , domestic sheep , domestic horses , elk and other deer species as well as pronghorn . Lomatium grayi is one of the first plant species to develop and bloom green parts of the plant after the snow melts . This makes them important for early pollinators such as solitary bees and flies and other insects.

Occurrence and protection

Lomatium grayi is distributed in the western United States in the region from the east side of the Cascade Range to the Rocky Mountains . Lomatium grayi occurs in the western United States in the following regions: From the east of the Cascade Range, further to eastern and northern Idaho , southwestern Wyoming , Utah and southwestern Colorado .

Lomatium grayi is endangered to different degrees in its range and on the various administrative levels. In New Mexico to go from potentially "critically endangered" from; in Wyoming Lomatium grayi is "endangered" (S3, English vulnerable ), in Colorado, Idaho and Utah it is on the warning list ( English reported ).

Systematics and related species

Taxonomy and Botanical History

It was first described in 1871 under the name Peucedanum millefolium by Sereno Watson in the botany volume of the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel . This name was often used until it was named by Peucedanum grayi J.M.Coult in 1888 . & Rose was replaced by John Merle Coulter and Joseph Nelson Rose . Peucedanum millefolium S. Watson was not published because the South African species Peucedanum millefolium (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond. was published as early as 1861. After 1900, taxonomists divided the North American species of the Apiaceae family into several genera and separated them from the Eurasian species. In their monograph in 1900, Coulter and Rose placed the North American species from the genus Peucedanum in the genus Lomatium Raf. which was established in 1819. Marcus Jones interpreted Lomatium Raf in 1908 . as a homonym of the genus Lomatia R.Br. from the Proteaceae family , published nine years earlier. Therefore he placed all Lomatium species in the genus Cogswellia Spreng. Jones ignored the priority rules and published the new combination Cogswellia millefolia (S.Watson) MEJones instead of referring to the name replaced by Coulter and Rose. In the new edition of the monograph in 1909, the necessary new combination Cogswellia grayi (JMCoult. & Rose) JMCoult was made. & Rose by Coulter and Rose. Based on Article 57 of the Vienna Code, James F. MacBride decides that Lomatium Raf. and Lomatia R.Br. are not homonyms because they are spelled differently. Mildred Mathias took this decision in 1938 in her monograph called Lomatium grayi (JMCoult. & Rose) JMCoult. & Rose . This is how the synonyms came about. Two subtaxas have been described, both by Marcus Jones . Both have been synonyms since 2018.

Lomatium grayi complex

Since the processing of the Lomatium grayi complex by Alexander et al. there is a new classification for Lomatium grayi s. st. and the related species.

Species in the Lomatium grayi complex are:

  • Lomatium grayi (JMCoult. & Rose) JMCoult. & Rose s. st. (see above)
  • Lomatium depauperatum (MEJones) JAAlexander & W.Whaley (Syn .: Cogswellia millefolia var. Depauperata M.E.Jones , Lomatium grayi var. Depauperatum (MEJones) Mathias ): It has the rank of a species since 2018. It only occurs in the counties in Nevada Elko and White Pine and in Utah in Beaver, Box Elder, Juab, Millard and Tooele Counties.
  • Lomatium klickitatense J.A.Alexander & W.Whaley : It was first described in 2018. It occurs in Washington only in Klickitat County and in Oregon only in Hood River County and Wasco County. In the complex it is the species with the greatest height of 40 to 150 centimeters.
  • Lomatium papilioniferum J.A.Alexander & W.Whaley (Syn .: Peucedanum grayi var. Aberrans M.E.Jones ): It was first described 2018th It occurs in western North America in the Canadian province of British Columbia and in the US states of California (only in Modoc County), Idaho, Nevada (only in Elko County), Oregon and Washington.

use

The underground plant parts can be boiled or dried and ground into flour; the flour can be mixed with grain flour and added to soups. The seeds are also edible.

literature

  • JA Alexander, W. Whaley, N. Blain: The Lomatium Grayi Complex (Apiaceae) of the Western United States: A taxonomic revision based on morphometric, essential oil composition, and Larva-Host coevolution studies. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas , Volume 12, Issue 2, October 20, 2018, pp. 387-444. Full text PDF.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lomatium grayi at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 7, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b Lomatium grayi at Plants For A Future . Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Gray's Biscuitroot . In: Wild Utah . Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  4. ↑ Cheryl Shippentower: Extending the Table: Assessing and Restoring Women's Foods . In: Washington Botanical Symposium . March 6, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t JA Alexander, W. Whaley, N. Blain: The Lomatium Grayi Complex (Apiaceae) of the Western United States: A taxonomic revision based on morphometric, essential oil composition, and Larva-Host coevolution studies. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas , Volume 12, Issue 2, October 20, 2018, pp. 387-444. Full text PDF.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Lomatium grayi - data sheet in the Jepson eFlora . (English - Most important source with the information on the species in the new scope, but in California this species no longer occurs in the narrower sense, or perhaps at a locality.)
  7. ↑ a b c Derek Tilley, Loren St. John, Dan Ogle, Nancy Shaw: Propagation protocol for production of Lomatium grayi (JM Coult. & Rose.) JM Coult. & Rose seeds . In: Native Plant Network . USDA NRCS - Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho at University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery. 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  8. ↑ JN Thompson: The ontogeny of flowering and sex expression in divergent populations of Lomatium grayi . In: Oecologia . 72, 1987, pp. 605-611.
  9. ↑ JN Thompson, ME Moody: Assessing probability of interaction in size-structured populations: Depressaria attack on Lomatium . In: Ecology . 66, 1985, pp. 1597-1607.
  10. ^ JN Thompson: Genetics of butterly hostplant associations . In: Trends in Ecology and Evolution . 4, No. 2, 1989, pp. 34-35.
  11. ↑ D. Ogle, B. Brazee: Establishing initial stock rates  (= ID-Technical Note), Volume 3. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Boise, ID 2009.
  12. ↑ Derek Tilley, Loren St. John, Dan Ogle, Nancy Shaw: Plant guide: Gray's biscuitroot - Lomatium grayi (JM Coult. & Rose.) JM Coult. & Rose . US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID 2011, p. 4.

Web links

Commons : Lomatium grayi  - collection of images, videos and audio files