Small Usen
| Small Usen | ||
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| Data | ||
| location | Saratov Oblast ( Russia ), Western Kazakhstan | |
| source |
Obschtschi Syrt near Jerschow 51 ° 22 ′ 59 ″ N , 48 ° 19 ′ 5 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 100 m | |
| muzzle | Soraidyn Lake Coordinates: 48 ° 56 '21 " N , 49 ° 39' 24" E 48 ° 56 '21 " N , 49 ° 39' 24" E |
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| Mouth height | 8 m below sea level | |
| Height difference | approx. 108 m | |
| Bottom slope | approx. 0.17 ‰ | |
| length | 638 km | |
| Catchment area | 18,250 km² | |
| Outflow at the Maly Usen gauge |
MQ HHQ |
3.4 m³ / s 782 m³ / s |
| Medium-sized cities | Yershov | |
| Communities | Maly Usen , Qastalowka | |
| Navigable | not navigable | |
The Little Usen ( Russian Малый Узень / Maly Usen ; Kazakh Сарыөзен / Saryosen / "Yellow River" , rarely Кішкене Өзен / Kishkene Ösen / "Little River" ) is a 638 kilometer long river in the southeastern European part of Russia and in northwest Kazakhstan .
course
The natural spring of the Little Usen is about 100 m above sea level in the extreme western part of the Obschtschi Syrt ridge , a few kilometers north of the city of Jershov . Immediately in the source area, the river is supplied with water from the left Volga tributary, Kleiner Irgis, via the Saratower Canal coming from the northeast . The Little Usen flows around the city of Yershov to the west and then primarily in a south-westerly and later in a south-easterly direction through the steppe landscapes east of the Volga . After almost a third of its course, the river reaches the border with Kazakhstan below the village named after it, Maly Usen , which it marks for the next 100 kilometers as the crow flies. The river is regulated in several places by dams. The largest is located above the village of Warfolomejewka and forms the reservoir of the same name on the section of the river along the Russian-Kazakh border. Below the village of Petropawlowka, a 30-kilometer-long canal leads from the reservoir to the Great Usen , which flows roughly parallel to the east and through which water can be directed in both directions with the help of pumping stations.
After leaving the border in the direction of Kazakhstan, the river maintains its south-eastern direction of flow through the landscape that is gradually becoming semi-desert . At the edge of the Caspian Depression , it flows through the Aidyn Lake near the village of Shangaqasan (kasach. Жаңақазан , Russian Novaja Kasanka ) and a few kilometers later flows into the Soraidyn Lake in the western part of the drainless depression of the Qamys Samar Lakes ( Қамыс-Самар көлдері ; Russian Kamysh-Samarskije Lakes or Kamys-Samarskije Lakes ), into which the Great Usen flows about 20 kilometers to the east. From the Soraidyn Lake, depending on the seasonal quantity, the water can pour into a confusing, southerly, drainless sink area and form salt lakes there.
In the middle course, the river is more than 50 meters wide on non-dammed sections, in the Warfolomejewka reservoir up to 200 meters. In the lower reaches the width is about 25 meters at a depth of one meter. The flow velocity is 0.1 m / s. Little Usen does not have any significant tributaries.
In addition to the city of Yershov near the source of the Little Usen, the most important town on the Russian section is the village of Maly Usen, and the district administrative center of Qastalowka on the Kazakh section .
Hydrology
The catchment area of the river covers 18,250 km². The mean annual discharge on the middle course near the village of Maly Usen is 3.4 m³ / s. The water flow fluctuates strongly over the course of the year; During the spring flood during the snowmelt, a maximum of 782 m³ / s was measured, whereas the river carries very little water in the hot and dry summers and can dry out especially in the lower reaches. The river freezes over from late November to April.
The water flow has been greatly changed by human intervention: the upper reaches of the Little Usen are already fed from the Little Irgis. Further down there are multiple connections via canals to the Großer Usen, other canals lead into basins of smaller lakes, some of which have no drainage. These channels are used to regulate the water level and irrigate agricultural areas.
Use and infrastructure
The little Usen is not navigable.
The water of the Little Usen is used to a considerable extent for the irrigation of agricultural areas, mainly in Russia, and to a lesser extent on the Kazakh stretch.
Near the source, the Little Usen is crossed west of the city of Yershov by the railway line Saratov - Oral (Uralsk) - Sol-Ilezk and the regional road 1R236 that follows it . On the upper middle reaches of the villages Piterka (with the same station) and Agafonowka, the railway line from Krasny Kut to Nowousensk and Alexandrow Gai on the Great Usen crosses the river and follows it for a few kilometers to Maly Usen. This line was opened as a narrow-gauge railway ( gauge 1000 mm) by the Ryazan-Uralsk Railway as early as 1895 and converted to broad gauge in the 1920s .
history
In the village of Qastalowka (Russian Kastalowka , originally Kasatschja Talowka ) located on the Little Usen in today's Kazakhstan, in 1775 Jemeljan Pugachev , leader of the Russian Peasants' War 1773–1775, was captured by troops under Alexander Suvorov .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Article Great and Small Usen in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ^ Bertelsmann World Atlas 2000 ; in different transcription Kickene Özenʹ
- ↑ Article Kamysh Samarsky Lakes in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ Soviet General Staff Map 1: 200,000. Sheet M-39-XXVI. 1983 edition.
- ↑ Narrow gauge lines of the Ryazan-Uralsk Railway on parovoz.com (Russian)