Mass executions in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto 1943–1944

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Ruins of the house at ulica Dzielna 27. Thousands of Pawiak prisoners were murdered here between 1943 and 1944.

The mass executions in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto 1943–1944 were the mass executions of Polish political prisoners and persons of Jewish origin that were carried out in secret by the German occupiers in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto .

As early as the summer of 1942, the Germans shot prisoners from outside “the Jewish residential district in Warsaw ”. However, these murders only developed into mass executions from mid-May 1943, i. H. after the suppression of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto and after the beginning of the systematic destruction of the Jewish quarter. Since then, the extermination campaign in the ruins of the ghetto continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. Overall, the SS men and the German police shot several thousand people, including the Polish hostages (mainly Pawiak prisoners and city ​​dwellers arrested during the street raids [Polish: łapanka ]) and Jews arrested on the “Aryan side”.

history

In the Nazi state, Warsaw was seen as the center of Polish resistance to the National Socialist “new order”. Although the former Polish capital was downgraded to a provincial city in the General Government, it remained the center of political , intellectual and cultural life in Poland. Warsaw was also the seat of the Polish Underground State ( Polskie Państwo Podziemne ) and the place of activity of particularly strong and well-organized structures of the resistance movement. The Governor General Hans Frank wrote in his diary on December 14, 1943: “If there weren't any Warsaw in the General Government, we would have 4/5 fewer problems. Warsaw is and will remain the center of confusion: a proliferation of unrest in this country ”.

From the first days of the occupation of Poland , the Germans used brutal terrorist methods against the Warsaw citizens, especially the representatives of the Polish political and intellectual elite , the Jews and anyone in any way connected with the resistance movement. The Warsaw prisons , namely the Pawiak Prison , the remand prison on Ulica Daniłowiczowska, the Mokotów Prison ( Więzienie Nokotowskie ), the cellars of the headquarters of the Security Police (Sipo) in Aleja Szucha, were fully occupied. Street raids, deportations to concentration camps and mass murders became part of everyday life. The Germans usually carried out executions of political prisoners from Warsaw in secret, in places inaccessible to ordinary people. These included u. a .: the gardens of Sejm in the Ulica Wiejska, the Kabaty forest ( Las Kabacki ), the so-called "Swedish Mountains" ( Szwedzkie Góry ; elevations with dunes) in the Warsaw district of Bemowo , the Sękocin forest ( Las Sękociński ) in the Near Magdalenka (a village in Mazovia), the Chojnowski Forest ( Lasy Chojnowskie ) near Stefanów (a village in Mazovia, near Garwolin ), the village of Laski, the Wydmy Łuże hill and the Wólka Węglowa village on the outskirts of the Kampinos National Park and, above all, the location of the later memorial in Palmiry .

From the perpetrators' point of view, the executions in the forests near Warsaw created various logistical problems and posed a risk. The inconspicuous transport of the prisoners from the Warsaw prisons to the execution sites, several kilometers from Warsaw, was a major and time-consuming challenge. Securing the place of execution from witnesses and possible escape of the prisoners was also problematic. Ultimately, the Germans could not be sure whether the local population found the mass graves by accident or on purpose .

First executions in the ghetto ruins

Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto

From June 1942 on, small groups of several Poles in the Warsaw Ghetto (which was currently completely isolated from the city) were murdered by the Germans. The bodies of the murdered mostly remained lying on the streets of the Jewish quarter and were cleaned by the Jewish workers who were obliged to remove the bodies of dead or murdered ghetto residents from the streets. The bodies found were usually buried in the Jewish cemetery or on the playing field of the “Skra” sports club. The executions of this kind took place mainly during the large-scale operation ("the expulsion of the Jews") in the ghetto in the summer of 1942, because due to the general chaos, the Germans had good conditions for secretly murdering people and removing the bodies of the victims unnoticed.

" Pawiak pomścimy " (German: " Pawiak we will avenge "). The inscription was put up by the scout organization “Wawer” on the notice board on the fence of the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego garden in Bracka Street.

In the spring of 1943, the Germans put down the uprising launched by the Jewish resistance movement in the Warsaw ghetto and finally dissolved the ghetto. They changed the site of the former "Jewish residential district" into a "stone and brick desert". The Gestapo administration in Warsaw decided to use the ghetto ruins as a place for secret executions - in this case mass executions. The then SS and Police Leader for Warsaw Jürgen Stroop as SS- Gruppenführer claimed that this idea came from the commander of the security police and the security service of the Reichsführer SS in Warsaw, Dr. Ludwig Hahn comes from. Then, while Stroop was waiting for his trial in Mokotów Prison , he told his fellow inmate from the cell, Kazimierz Moczarski , what Dr. Hahn said.

“Doctor Hahn said something like this: 'Let's use the large-scale campaign to deal with the Poles. Many Jews died in the ghetto and they will continue to die here. There are corpses everywhere and if there are another thousand Poles, nobody will be able to check anything, '”reported Jürgen Stroop.

From the occupiers' perspective, there was much to be said for using the ruins as a site for mass executions. The Jewish Quarter bordered Pawiak Prison, where most of the Polish political prisoners were held. The ghetto wall and numerous police stations completely isolated the “stone and brick desert” from the rest of the city. The police patrols were constantly on the hunt for Jews hiding in the ruins, which explained the gunfire coming from behind the wall. It was easy to bury or burn corpses in the ghetto ruins. From the summer of 1943, the German concentration camp, the so-called Warsaw concentration camp, existed on the area of ​​the former ghetto (near Gęsia Street) . Its existence and its staff could be used in carrying out the executions and the facilities (crematoria) and prisoners to cover up the traces of the crime.

The first execution of the prisoners in Pawiak Prison took place on May 7, 1943, before the end of the uprising in the ghetto. 94 people were murdered at the gate of the tenement house on Ulica Dzielna 21. From the end of May 1943, executions took place almost every day on the former ghetto grounds. The Germans stopped the killing in the woods near Warsaw and reduced the deportations of prisoners from Pawiak Prison and other Warsaw prisons to concentration camps. Instead, the Polish political prisoners were murdered quickly and en masse in the ruins of the ghetto, usually only after an investigation lasting several days or no investigation at all.

Almost every day there were also executions of about a dozen Jews who were arrested by the Germans on the “Aryan side”, as well as by Poles who were hiding Jewish people. The names of the victims remained mostly unknown because the arrested Jews were not entered in the Pawiak Prison register. After a few hours, or usually several days, on death row in Ward VIII of Pawiak Prison, they were shot on the ghetto grounds. Whole families were often killed, including women and children.

Executions were carried out at various points in the former ghetto, but most often on the property at ulica Dzielna 25 and 27, in the courtyard of the house at ulica Nowolipki 29 and in the courtyard of the house at ulica Zamenhofa 19. The prisoners from Pawiak- The prison and the people who were brought in from the city were shot dead in the area of ​​KL Warsaw. The bodies of the murdered were mostly burned on the property at ulica Gęsia 45 and ulica Pawia 27 or in KL Warsaw (on the pyre made from the wooden parts of the destroyed buildings or in the crematorium ). This was the task of the work details from Jewish ghetto prisoners.

The information about German crimes was only given in fragments by members of the conspiratorial activities of the Polish Home Army ( Armia Krajowa ) in Pawiak prison, so that it is impossible to know the exact dates and the course of all murders in the ghetto ruins in the spring and summer 1943 to be determined. However, it is known that executions, which were carried out almost every day, typically killed several people. However, it has occasionally happened that dozens or even hundreds of Poles and Jews were killed in individual executions. Among other things, on May 29, 1943, a large massacre was carried out among the prisoners of the Pawiak on the site of the former ghetto , in which around 530 people were killed. This execution had a strong resonance in occupied Warsaw - at that time the inscriptions “Pawiak we will avenge” ( “Pawiak pomścimy” ) appeared in several places in the city. On June 24, 1943, about 200 people were killed in the next major execution in the ghetto area. On July 15, 1943, 260 to 300 of the Poles and Jews arrested because of the so-called "Hotel Polski Affair" were shot there. The next day, a further 132 prisoners from the Pawiak died in the ghetto area on ulica Gęsia.

Led by Franz Kutschera

The notice of the execution of 60 hostages and the names of 40 new hostages. Warsaw, December 3, 1943

In October 1943, the German terrorist methods against the Warsaw citizens were tightened. Throughout the Generalgouvernement, the Germans tried harder to dissolve the growing resistance movement in Poland. On October 2, 1943, the Hans Franks Ordinance "to combat attacks against the German construction work in the Generalgouvernement" was issued, which recognized the principle of collective responsibility used by the occupiers, in which it was u. a. provided that "the instigator and the aide shall be punished as a perpetrator" and "the attempted act shall be punished as an act". The only form of punishment provided for in the regulation was the death penalty .

The intensification of the terror of occupation in Warsaw was also connected with the appointment of SS Brigadier Franz Kutschera as SS and Police Leader in the Warsaw district (at the point on September 25, 1943). He pleaded for a hard line against the states occupied by the Third Reich. With the mass executions of hostages , Kutschera wanted to punish any anti-German act and thereby “ pacify ” Warsaw . The shootings should not only take place in the ghetto ruins, but also in public - on the streets of Warsaw. The Germans hoped in this way to intimidate the residents of the capital and thereby keep ordinary citizens away from the resistance movement.

The effects of the occupation were intensified by a wave of street raids on October 13, 1943, which the Germans organized almost every day, often several times and in different places. The first public execution on the street took place on October 16, 1943, on the corner of Aleja Niepodległości and Ulica Madalińskiego. The names of the victims were announced in the messages through the street megaphones, as was the announcement of the execution of the next hostages (named) in the event of another anti-German attack in Warsaw. This served the purpose of creating a psychological effect. After a while, megaphone announcements were replaced by notices hung on the walls. On October 30, 1943, famous posters printed on pink paper with the supposedly unknown signature "SS and Police Leader in the Warsaw District" appeared on the streets of Warsaw for the first time .

Mass street raids and executions, in which hundreds of innocent people died, shook Warsaw. While German repression was aimed at specific social or political environments, Franz Kutschera's terrorist measures were applied blindly. Both political prisoners arrested by the Gestapo and ordinary Warsaw residents who happened to be incarcerated during street raids were murdered en masse. While the street executions attracted the attention of public opinion , the parallel secret extermination of hostages in the ghetto ruins has increased. From October 15, 1943 to May 15, 1944, the Germans shot around 5,000 people in Warsaw and the surrounding area (around 270–300 people every week). 3800 of them died in the ghetto ruins. This means that for every person who was executed on the street, 3 to 4 were also killed in the ghetto area.

During this time the executions in the ghetto ruins were carried out not only every day, but several times a day. Dozens or even hundreds of Pawiak prisoners or ordinary Warsaw people detained in the street raids were often killed. On the night of October 17-18, 1943, one of the largest executions in the history of Pawiak took place, which lasted a few hours - until 4:00 a.m. The naked inmates were led out of the prison in groups and shot by machine gun fire at ulica Pawia 36-42 and ulica Dzielna 37-42. About 600 people died that night. Rumors spread around the prison that the execution was so horrible that one of the SS men could not bear it and committed suicide. On October 23, 1943, 300 hostages brought in from Warsaw Praga the previous day were shot in the ghetto ruins. The mass executions also took place on November 12 and 13 (approx. 240 and 120 victims), on December 9 (approx. 146 victims, including 16 Jewish women and one small child), on December 14 (approx. 230 victims) , on December 16 (approx. 100 victims), January 13, 1944 (approx. 260 victims) and January 28 (approx. 170–180 victims).

According to information from the conspiratorial units in Pawiak, in November 1943 the Germans began to cover up the traces of previous executions and evidence of the crimes committed during the existence of the Warsaw Ghetto. The work details of KL Warsaw prisoners began, under the supervision of the Germans, to retrieve corpses from mass graves that were hidden in the former ghetto or in the Jewish cemetery. The exhumed corpses were then burned or blown up with explosives . According to Regina Domańska, on November 17, 1943, the Germans were supposed to round up about 300 men into the ruins of a house in the former ghetto and blow up the building.

On February 1, 1944, the soldiers of the "Pegaz" department headed the sabotage (pol. Kedyw ) of the Polish Home Army succeeded in assassinating Kutschera in Aleje Ujazdowskie . As a punishment for this act, most of the victims were executed by the Germans in the ghetto ruins over the next few days. On February 2, the Germans shot and killed 300 Polish hostages, 100 of whom were murdered in the public execution on the corner of Aleje Ujazdowskie and ulica Chopina (near the murder site) and another 200 people died in the ghetto ruins. The next mass executions in the ghetto ruins took place on February 3rd (approx. 150 victims), on February 10th (approx. 330 victims) and on February 15 (approx. 210 victims, including 18 women).

The last months of the occupation

After the death of Kutschera, the German terror against the Warsaw population subsided significantly. The Germans renounced the executions in the street, no longer provided information about the executions of hostages via megaphone announcements and notices. The occupier strove not to give the Poles any opportunities to show their patriotic feelings. However, the extermination process continued in full in the ghetto ruins. In the spring of 1944, dozens or even hundreds of Pawiak prisoners or people brought in for execution from the city were shot almost every day. On February 22, 1944, around 312 people were killed in the ghetto ruins. On February 28, around 100 Pawiak prisoners were shot dead. On March 4, another 84-100 prisoners (including 4 Jewish women) died in the ghetto ruins and their bodies were thrown into the basement of a destroyed house on ulica Nowolipie (on the corner of ulica Karmelicka) and set on fire.

Some of the seriously injured inmates were then burned alive. Six days later, 40 Jews detained in a shelter on ulica Grójecka and some Poles who hid them were shot (Mieczysław Wolski and Władysław Marczak with his family). Among those murdered was a Jewish historian Emanuel Ringelblum . On March 21, another 200 people were killed in the ghetto, mostly residents of villages near Warsaw. Until late at night one could see a glow of fire over the crematorium of KL Warsaw and smell the smell of burned bodies.

The mass executions in the ghetto ruins also took place: on March 16 (approx. 185 victims), on March 29 (approx. 100–150 victims), on March 30 (approx. 95 victims), on March 31 (approx 140 victims, including approx. 60–70 people brought in from Łowicz ), from April 6 to 7 (approx. 100 victims), on April 13 (approx. 115 victims), on April 14 (approx. 154– 163 victims), on April 15 (approx. 100 victims), on April 17 (approx. 140 victims), on April 26 (approx. 110 victims), on May 11 (approx. 120–130 victims, including a Russian woman and partly Jews), on May 19 (approx. 103 victims), on May 20 (approx. 160–200 victims), on May 22 (approx. 200 victims), on May 27 (approx. 100 victims), from June 5 to 6 (approx. 110 victims, including a woman in the 7th month of pregnancy ), from June 9 to 10 (more than 100 victims). In addition, there are the executions of small groups of prisoners (often of Jewish origin), the number of victims cannot be determined. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the prisoners of the third Pawiak detachment (on the night of July 19-20, 1944), 154 (according to other sources: 173) failed refugees were shot in the ruins of the ghetto.

At the end of July 1944, the Germans began to liquidate the Pawiak prison as the eastern front approached. More than 1,800 prisoners left Warsaw in a large deportation on July 30th. Previously, efforts were stepped up to cover up the traces of the crime in Warsaw (including on June 8 the ruins of a house on Nowolipki Street, where executions were regular, were blown up). On August 13, 1944, almost two weeks after the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising , the last execution took place in the ghetto ruins. The Germans then shot about 100 Pawiak prisoners who were not deported before the start of the uprising. Among those murdered were 18 women, including two newborns and their mothers.

Balance sheet

It is impossible to determine the exact number of victims of executions in the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto. Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz calculated that between January 1, 1943 and July 31, 1944, the German occupier murdered around 20,500 people in secret or public executions in Warsaw, most of whom were most likely shot in the former “Jewish residential area” . According to historians of the Institute for National Remembrance ( Instytut Pamięci Narodowej , IPN ), around 20,000 people died in the ruins of the ghetto between 1943 and 1944 - including around 10,000 Poles. However, it is difficult to determine how many of those murdered were also prisoners in KL Warsaw (mainly Jews from various European countries) and how many Warsaw residents or residents of the nearby towns were shot in the retributive executions. Hence, the likely number of victims of murders in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto is several thousand. According to calculations by Władysław Bartoszewski , around 9,600 people were murdered in the ghetto ruins from May 7, 1943 to August 13, 1944. These figures are mainly based on estimates by the conspiratorial units from Pawiak Prison and only record those executions whose number of victims could be estimated.

The following were murdered in the ruins of the ghetto: Mikołaj Arciszewski (journalist, cartoonist, head of one of the networks of the Soviet espionage service in Warsaw), Mieczysław Bilek (leader of the conspiratorial Democratic Party ( Stronnictwo Demokratieyczne ) and former President of Gdynia ), Sławomir Bittner ( Rover level scouts [ podharcmistrz ], company commander in the "Zośka" battalion of the Polish Home Army), Stanisław Chudoba (chairman of the Workers' Party of Polish Socialists [ Robotnicza Partia Polskich Socjalistów; RPPS ]), Tytus Czaki (one of the organizers of the "Strzelec" rifle association) [ Związek Strzelecki ], the pre-war mayor of Brest am Bug and Włocławek), Hanna Czaki (daughter of Tytus Czaki, scout , liaison and secretary of the head of the information department of the Office for Information and Propaganda of the Polish Home Army), Paweł Finder and Małgorzata Fornalska (the chairwoman of the communist Polish Workers' Party [ Polska Partia Robotnicza ]), Tadeusz Hollender (poet, satirist, journalist), Lieutenant ( podporucznik ) John Hörl - alias Frosch (soldier of the Polish Home Army, " Cichociemny " [German the quiet dark ones]), Gustaw Kaleński (historian, archivist , retired captain of the Polish Armed Forces [ Wojsko Polskie, WP ]), Stefan Kapuściński ( Silesian trade union and political activist), Mieczysław Kotarbiński (painter, graphic artist), Dr. Józef Lewicki (educator, educational historian , lecturer at the Free Polish University [ Wolna Wszechnica Polska ] in Warsaw), Prof. Tadeusz Pruszkowski (painter, art critic, educator), Emanuel Ringelblum (a well-known historian of Jewish origin), Colonel Józef Rosiek (inspector of Warsaw AK area), Stefan Sacha (head of the main board of the conspiratorial National Party ).

The offender

Responsibility for carrying out thousands of murders in the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto fell primarily on the SS and police leaders in the Warsaw district, who performed their functions from May 1943 to August 1944. They were in the following order: SS-Brigadführer Jürgen Stroop ( sentenced to death by a Polish court after the end of World War II and executed on March 6, 1952), SS-Brigadführer Franz Kutschera (on February 1, 1944 by the soldiers of the Polish Kedyw murdered), SS-Oberführer Herbert Böttcher (sentenced to death by a Polish court after the end of the Second World War and executed on June 12, 1950) and SS-Oberführer Paul Otto Geibel (after the end of the Second World War sentenced to life imprisonment by a Polish court , in 1966 he committed suicide in Mokotów Prison).

A special role in the extermination campaign but played their inferior Dr. Ludwig Hahn, Commander of the Security Police and the SD in Warsaw. It was the initiator of the idea to use the area of ​​the ghetto ruins to annihilate the population of Warsaw and the spiritus movens of all terrorist and extermination actions against the Polish and Jewish population of Warsaw in the years 1941–1944. After the war he lived under his real name in Hamburg for many years . He was not charged until 1972 and after a year of trial he was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment. The Hamburg district court sentenced him to life imprisonment after a further appeal. Hahn was released from prison in 1983 and died three years later.

Executions in the ghetto ruins were carried out by:

  • Police officers from the Security Police and SD Warsaw based in Aleja Szucha (these police officers were subordinate to Hahn);
  • Members of the Pawiak staff;
  • Members of KL Warsaw staff;
  • SS men of Battalion III / SS Police Regiment 23, which was under the command of Major Otto Bundtke.

Numerous public and secret executions in Warsaw were directed by SS-Obersturmführer Norbert Bergh-Trips , SS-Hauptsturmführer Paul Werner and SS-Obersturmführer Walter Witossek . Witossek also often headed the "group of three" of police officers who signed en masse forms containing death sentences against Polish political prisoners who were later convicted by the state court ( sąd doraźny ) of the security police .

Remarks

  1. ^ The demolition of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, which is considered the official end of the uprising in the ghetto, did not take place until May 16, 1943.
  2. ↑ In the beginning the corpses of the victims of some executions were probably buried by the Germans in the earth or in the cellars of the demolished houses.
  3. ↑ The Bundtke battalion was on the site of the former ghetto and was engaged in “pacifying” the ghetto after the official crackdown on the uprising.

literature

  • Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . MON publisher, Warsaw 1971.
  • Władysław Bartoszewski : Warszawski pierścień śmierci 1939–1944 . Interpress, Warsaw 1970.
  • Regina Domańska: Pawiak - więzienie Gestapo. Kronika lat 1939–1944 . Książka i Wiedza, Warsaw 1978.
  • Bogusław Kopka: Warsaw Concentration Camp. Historia i następstwa . Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw 2007, ISBN 978-83-60464-46-5 .
  • Kazimierz Moczarski: Rozmowy z katem . Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warsaw 1978.
  • Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligence action . Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci 1939-1944 . Warszawa: Interpress, 1970, p. 442.
  2. ↑ Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligence action . Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8 .
  3. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 194 i 196.
  4. ^ Regina Domańska: Pawiak - więzienie Gestapo. Kronika lat 1939–1944 . Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1978, pp. 236, 244, 246.
  5. ↑ Kazimierz Moczarski: Rozmowy z katem . Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1978, p. 294.
  6. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 256.
  7. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 319.
  8. ↑ a b Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 27.
  9. ↑ a b c Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 441.
  10. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 269 i 363.
  11. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., pp. 13-14.
  12. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 256.
  13. ↑ a b Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 28.
  14. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 333.
  15. ^ Kopka, Bogusław .: Warsaw Concentration Camp: historia i następstwa . Instytut Pamięci Narodowej-Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa 2007, ISBN 978-83-60464-46-5 .
  16. ^ Bogusław Kopka: Warsaw Concentration Camp. op.cit, p. 62.
  17. ^ Regina Domańska: Pawiak. op.cit., p. 326.
  18. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 268.
  19. ↑ a b c Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 447.
  20. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 337.
  21. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 283.
  22. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 289.
  23. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 284 i 291.
  24. ↑ Lesław M. Bartelski: Mokotów 1944 . Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1971, p. 100.
  25. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 288-289.
  26. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 372 i 448-449.
  27. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., pp. 362-363.
  28. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 293.
  29. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 302 i 305.
  30. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 328.
  31. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., pp. 389-390.
  32. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 336.
  33. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 349.
  34. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 355.
  35. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., pp. 372 i 375.
  36. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 373.
  37. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 414.
  38. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 415.
  39. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 364.
  40. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 368.
  41. ↑ a b Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 371.
  42. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 449.
  43. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 373.
  44. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 427.
  45. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 377.
  46. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 431.
  47. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 433.
  48. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 437.
  49. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 450.
  50. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 382.
  51. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 414-415.
  52. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 416.
  53. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit., p. 374.
  54. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 420.
  55. ↑ Bogusław Kopka: Concentration Camp Warsaw .. . op.cit, p. 60.
  56. ↑ Bogusław Kopka: Concentration Camp Warsaw .. . op.cit, pp. 16 i 120.
  57. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., pp. 445-450.
  58. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 424.
  59. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 434.
  60. ↑ Bogusław Kopka: Concentration Camp Warsaw .. . op.cit, pp. 99-100.
  61. ↑ Bogusław Kopka: Concentration Camp Warsaw .. . op.cit, pp. 26, 60, 62.
  62. ↑ Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci .. . op.cit., p. 431.
  63. ↑ Regina Domańska: Pawiak .. . op.cit, p. 417.