Mastixia

Mastixia
	Mastixia arborea
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Dogwood-like (Cornales)
Family :	Tupelo family (Nyssaceae)
Genre :	Mastixia
Scientific name
	Mastixia
	flower

The plant genus Mastixia belongs to the Tupelo family (Nyssaceae). The range of the 20 to 25 species includes Asia and Malesia .

description

Inflorescence of Mastixia arborea

Vegetative characteristics

In mastixia TYPES is resin-producing, evergreen trees . The branches are stem-round or provided with longitudinal ridges.

The opposite or alternate arranged on the branches leaves are stalked. The leathery or thick paper-like, simple leaf blades are elongated-elliptical, ovate or narrowly obovate. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are terminal or lateral. The flowers are on pedicels over two bracts .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry , usually four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The mostly four or five, rarely up to seven thick sepals are bell-shaped fused and durable. The usually four or five, rarely six, free petals are leathery, egg-shaped and have a curved tip. In the flower bud, the petals touch, but without covering each other ( valvat ). The number of stamens varies between four, five, six or eight, depending on the species. The short stamens are subpulate and flattened. The pollen grains have three apertures. There is only one carpel below . The carpel contains only one pendulous ovule . The short stylus , which often lasts until fruit ripe, is conical and ends in a point-shaped, unlobed or slightly two, four or five-lobed stigma. The carpel is surrounded by a ring-shaped, fleshy disc , which is often slightly four- or five-lobed.

The bluish-purple, egg-shaped, oblong-spherical or narrow egg-shaped stone fruits when ripe are fleshy or hard when dry. The stone core has a woody, longitudinally grooved endocarp . The seed coat is white and membranous. The seed has a fleshy endosperm and a small embryo with two leaf-like cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

The chromosome numbers are 2n = 22, 26.

Fossil evidence

Fruit remains and leaf prints, which are assigned to the genus Mastixia , are relatively common in fossil form . The oldest evidence goes back to the Eocene . The genus Mastixia was widespread in Europe and North America during the Eocene and Oligocene . This genus had a wider distribution earlier.

Systematics and distribution

The first description of the genus mastixia was made in 1826 by Carl Ludwig Blume in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië , Volume 13, p 654. synonyms for mastixia flower are: Mastyxia Spach orth var.. Bursinopetalum Wight .

The taxonomic assignment of the genus Mastixia has long been discussed. It is placed in AGP IV back to the Nyssaceae family, which according to APG III had the rank of a subfamily Nyssoideae of the Cornaceae family . Other authors saw Mastixia together with the genus Diplopanax , which differs from the former by having ten stamens - five of which are staminodial - and consistently five petals, as an independent family Mastixiaceae.

The 20 or so recent species come from Sri Lanka , India , Bhutan , Myanmar , Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam and Malaysia to China , in Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines and the Solomon Islands .

The genus Mastixia contains about 20 species:

Mastixia arborea (Wight) CBClarke : The approximately three subspecies occur from Sri Lanka to southern India.
Mastixia caudatilimba C.Y.Wu ex Soong : This endemic thrives in subtropical forests and moderately humid forests in valleys at altitudes between 1400 and 1600 meters only in Xishuangbanna : Nannuo Shan in southern Yunnan .
Mastixia congylos Kosterm. : The home is Sri Lanka.
Mastixia cuspidata flower : It is distributed from Malaysia via Borneo to Sumatra .
Mastixia eugenioides K.M.Matthew : The home is only northwestern Borneo.
Mastixia euonymoides Prain : It iswidespreadfrom Assam via Myanmar to northwestern Thailand .
Mastixia glauca K.M.Matthew : This endemic occurs only in Sarawak on Borneo.
Mastixia kaniensis Melch. : The two subspecies are distributed from Maluku via Papua New Guinea to the Solomon Islands .
Mastixia macrocarpa K.M.Matthew : The range extends from Borneo to the Philippines.
Mastixia microcarpa Y.C.Liu & H.Peng : It was first described in 2009 from the Chinese province of Yunnan. This endemic thrives between bushes on slopes at an altitude of about 2600 meters only in Yulong .
Mastixia montana Kosterm. : The home is Sri Lanka.
Mastixia nimalii Kosterm. : The home is Sri Lanka.
Mastixia octandra K.M.Matthew : This endemic occurs only in Sumatra.
Mastixia parviflora H.Zhu : It was first described from Vietnam in 2009.
Mastixia pentandra flower : The six subspecies are distributed from northeast India via Myanmar , Cambodia , Thailand to Vietnam and Malaysia; two of the subspecies occur in the Chinese provinces of Hainan and southern Yunnan.
Mastixia rostrata flower : The two subspecies are common in western Malesia .
Mastixia tetrandra (Wight ex Thwaites) CBClarke : The two varieties occur on Sri Lanka, the Andamans and the Nicobar Islands .
Mastixia tetrapetala Merr. : The home is the Philippines.
Mastixia trichophylla W.P. Fang ex Soong : This endemic thrives in evergreen rainforests at altitudes of around 700 meters only in southern Guangxi .
Mastixia trichotoma flower : The five varieties are distributed from southwest Indochina to Malesia.

swell

Xiang Qiuyun (向秋云), David E. Boufford: Mastixia. , P. 230 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Xiang Qiuyun (向秋云), David E. Boufford: Mastixia. , P. 230 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .
^ W. Gothan, H. Weyland: Textbook of Paläobotanik. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954.
↑ First description scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ Mastixia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 30, 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Mastixia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 29, 2018.
↑ CZ Fan, QY Xiang: Phylogenetic analyzes of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 90, 2003, pp. 1357-1372.

Web links

Commons : Mastixia - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FOC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Xiang Qiuyun (向秋云), David E. Boufford: Mastixia. , P. 230 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .

[Gothan1954-2] W. Gothan, H. Weyland: Textbook of Paläobotanik. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1954.

[biodiversitylibrary-3] First description scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-4] Mastixia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 30, 2011.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Mastixia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 29, 2018.

[Fan2003-6] CZ Fan, QY Xiang: Phylogenetic analyzes of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 90, 2003, pp. 1357-1372.