Teleportation
Teleportation (from ancient Greek τῆλε tele "distant" and Latin portare "carry, bring") describes the theoretical, instantaneous transport of an object from one place to another without crossing the three-dimensional space in between. To this day, teleportation is pure science fiction .
Physical realization
According to the known laws of physics, there is no way of realizing a teleportation in which matter is transported between two places without crossing the space in between. On the contrary: some of the most fundamental laws of nature even prohibit them. Newton's laws do not allow an instant change of location, but only movements with finite speed. The theory of relativity also limits this to below the speed of light , since a movement faster than light would require an infinite amount of energy and also violates causality . As a workaround on large distance scales, modifications of spacetime, such as wormholes, are discussed, but these are highly speculative and would not solve most of the problems of teleportation. The transport of normal matter (atoms) from one place to another without crossing the space in between also contradicts several important conservation laws of classical and particle physics ( energy , momentum , number of baryons , number of leptons ). The sudden change of location of a mass corresponds to an instantaneous shift of the center of gravity , which contradicts the conservation of momentum without an infinite force . Energy and particle numbers would not be retained in the instantaneous disappearance and appearance of matter both at the start and at the destination. A real teleportation is therefore hardly imaginable from a scientific point of view.
In basic research, teleportation currently plays no role due to the lack of prospects of success. A feasibility study commissioned by the United States Air Force (USAF) in 2004 found two main starting points: the manipulation of space-time metrics in general relativity and the manipulation of vacuum fluctuations in quantum electrodynamics . However, no specific suggestion was made as to how teleportation could be made possible.
Beam
Beaming is often used synonymously for teleportation and describes the hypothetical transmission of an object in the form of radiation . For this purpose, the object must be “dematerialized” at the place of origin, i.e. broken down into its components, which are then sent as a beam and “materialized” at the destination, i.e. reassembled. This ensures that an object, similar to teleportation, disappears at the place of origin and reappears at the destination. However, there is a continuous transmission path along which the matter (possibly in a transformed form) traverses space. Strictly speaking, beaming is not a teleportation. The concept goes back primarily to the science fiction series Star-Trek , where objects and people are beamed back and forth between locations with the help of so-called transporters .
In the real world it has not yet been possible to beam objects. For one thing, there is as yet no technology that could disassemble or assemble any object atom by atom, especially not in a matter of seconds. On the other hand, the amount of information for the complete representation of macroscopic objects is far too large for the information technology available today. Another obstacle in this context is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , which forbids any precise measurement of the position and momentum of individual particles. At room temperature and well below this, however, this is not a restriction, since the position and momentum of individual particles fluctuate statistically and do not have to be precisely determined.
In addition, the science fiction concepts for beaming do not specifically address the form of radiation in which the matter is sent. Physics knows by and large two types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation (radio, light, X-ray, gamma radiation, etc.) and particle radiation ( alpha and beta radiation , neutrons, neutrinos, atoms, etc.) (there are also gravitational waves and sound waves, which are not suitable for beaming). According to the current state of knowledge, electromagnetic radiation alone cannot be used for the transmission of matter, since it transports energy, but not the baryons and leptons required for the structure of atoms . Particle radiation, on the other hand, is basically nothing other than moving matter. It therefore offers hardly any advantages over the transport of an object as a whole. On the one hand, the same energy has to be used to accelerate and decelerate the individual particles as for the undivided object. So there is no speed advantage. On the other hand, it is only possible to a very limited extent with particle beams to penetrate material obstacles on the transmission path.
A pure transfer of information and the materialization with the help of matter available at the destination would be conceivable. But then it would practically be a matter of making a copy .
Quantum teleportation
The so-called quantum teleportation is, despite the conceptual relationship, not a teleportation in the sense of a transfer of matter. Instead, it enables information to be transmitted in the form of quantum states (e.g. spin ) and their realization at the receiver. In classical physics , the possibility of transmitting information is a matter of course. For example, a classic text message can be easily transferred from one mobile phone to another. The fact that quantum teleportation is required at all is due to the no-cloning theorem . Since it is impossible to copy quantum information, it can only be realized at the receiver as soon as it is destroyed at the transmitter (by a measurement ). Quantum teleportation requires, among other things, the transmission of classic information and therefore cannot take place faster than the speed of light.
In contrast to real teleportation, quantum teleportation has been implemented and verified in numerous laboratories, for example with photons and individual atoms ( ions ). After the theoretical invention in 1993, the first implementation took place in 1997. The furthest human-made quantum teleportation so far took place in 2017 and amounted to 1400 km. Media reports that report successful teleportations usually relate to quantum teleportation.
Teleportation in film, television, literature and computer games
Teleportation using magic and supernatural abilities
In esotericism , occultism and literature, teleportation refers to paranormal / magical abilities without technical aids, e.g. B. chimneys or portkeys used as transport portals or apparating at Harry Potter .
Even the transport method using a magic carpet in the story The Story of Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Pari Banu in A Thousand and One Nights can be interpreted as teleportation (in contrast to Solomon's carpet , which is carried by the wind and thus according to comparatively banal physical laws, a conventional non-propulsion system Aircraft - e.g. hang glider - flies comparable ).
1931 The American Charles Hoy Fort used Lo! In his collection . ( " Look! ") The term for the Poltergeist -Erscheinungen Apport and Asport , the sudden appearance and disappearance of objects.
Thought-based representations appear in novels such as Where Ever You May Be (1953) by James Gunn , Blind Voices (1966) by Tom Reamy , The Witches of Karres (1978) by James H. Schmitz, A Coming of Age (1984) by Timothy Zahn and Perry Rhodan's mutants. Also in the manga series Dragon Ball there is a mental ability called momentary teleportation , which enables beings to be rematerialized at another location in no time.
The wizards in World of Warcraft (2004) can teleport from any point to other capitals with the help of a rune.
In the 2008 movie Jumper, there are people with the ability to jump to another place.
The character Symmetra from the computer game Overwatch , which was released in 2016, can teleport other players from one place to another.
Teleportation using technology ( science fiction )
In science fiction literature, teleportation is mostly a technique for transmitting matter ( matter transmission ).
- 1878 The Hawaiian Gazette ( Honolulu ) 1865–1918, October 23, 1878, Image 4 describes the “teleport” device: “A dog came on the metal disk and a strong current was applied. After a while the animal disappeared and was found gnawing a bone at the other end, just like it did before it was transported. "
- 1957 The short story Die Fliege by George Langelaan is about the invention of a matter transmitter (here called disintegrator / reintegrator), which is the undoing of its inventor. The story has been filmed several times, first in 1958 in The Fly by Kurt Neumann .
- In the Perry Rhodan booklet / book series, which has been published since 1961, so-called transmitters are used to bring objects and people through the superordinate hyperspace to a distant destination.
- In the game world of Doom (1993) there are also teleporters in many places that take the player from one point on the map to another without wasting time.
- In 1997 the film Contact appeared , in which the protagonist is supposedly brought to an alien planet by means of extraterrestrial technology.
- In 1998, based on the short story Die Fliege in the 182nd episode of The Simpsons called Neutron War and Halloween, there was an accident in Professor Frink's matter transmitter. Beard and a fly merged into two completely different beings.
- In the computer game Half Life , published in 1998, scientists develop portals for teleportation to extraterrestrial worlds.
- In 2012, the 495th episode of The Simpsons called Christmas - The Next Generation used a matter transmitter to transport Bart's children to a future Christmas party.
Myths about teleportation
- Philadelphia Experiment : A legend surrounding a US military technology, which is said to be related to the mysterious disappearance of the destroyer escort USS Eldridge from the port of Norfolk, Virginia and its alleged rematerialization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 500 km away .
- The legend of the teleported soldier: In October 1593 a soldier of the Spanish Empire (called Gil Pérez in 1908) was mysteriously transported from Manila in the Philippines to Plaza Mayor (today's Zócalo) in Mexico City . The soldier's claim to have come from the Philippines was initially disbelieved until his report of the assassination of the Philippine governor was confirmed months later by passengers on a ship that had crossed the Pacific with the news.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ see faster than light speed # general
- ↑ see " Antitelefon "
- ↑ Teleportation Physics Study pdf, fas.org; Abstract dtic.mil, accessed January 2, 2012.
- ^ US Air Force study on teleportation daviddarling.info; US Air Force Takes a Look at Teleportation space.com, accessed January 2, 2011.
- ↑ Scotty beam me up: Teleportation makes researchers desperate. futurezone, accessed on August 19, 2018 .
- ↑ Interview with Nobel Laureate in Physics Prof. Dr. Theodor W. Hänsch, part 5: Quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography ( Memento from October 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ First Object Teleported from Earth to Orbit technologyreview.com, Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^ Nevill Drury: The Dictionary of the Esoteric: 3000 Entries on the Mystical and Occult Traditions . Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2003, ISBN 81-208-1989-6 , p. 302.
- ^ David J. Darling: Teleportation: The Impossible Leap . John Wiley and Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-471-47095-3 , pp. 6-7.
- ↑ dragonballwiki.de
- ↑ overwatch.fandom.com
- ^ Brian M. Stableford : Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4938-0 , p. 219.
- ↑ perrypedia.proc.org
- ↑ doom.fandom.com
- ↑ half-life.fandom.com
- ↑ Thomas Allibone Janvier: Legends of the City of Mexico . Ed .: Harper's Magazine . No. 118 . New York 1908 (English, hathitrust.org ).