Military coup and government formation in Sudan 2019

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The articles Protests in Sudan from 2011 , Military Coup and Government Formation in Sudan 2019 and Protests in Sudan 2018–19 thematically overlap. Help me to better differentiate or merge the articles (→  instructions ) . To do this, take part in the relevant redundancy discussion . Please remove this module only after the redundancy has been completely processed and do not forget to include the relevant entry on the redundancy discussion page{{ Done | 1 = ~~~~}}to mark. Vanellus ( discussion ) 18:14, Jun 22, 2019 (CEST)
Umar al-Bashir (2009)

On April 11, 2019, there was a military coup in Sudan , during which the long-time president of the country Umar al-Bashir was ousted. As a result, there was a power struggle between the army and civilian opposition groups , in which, according to doctors, more than 100 opposition members were shot at the beginning of June. On July 5, 2019, the Military Council and the opposition finally agreed on the formation of a joint transitional government; in August and September, respectively, the Sovereign Council and Government were formed .

history

prehistory

This was preceded by nationwide demonstrations that began in December 2018 and became increasingly intense. They had initially been against a drastic increase in bread prices and against corruption , but then increasingly against the authoritarian ruling President Umar al-Bashir. At the beginning of April there were clashes between demonstrators and the police or special militias - the successors of the Janjawid - with numerous dead. The military partly sided with the demonstrators. From April 6th, there were sit-ins in front of the army headquarters. According to the BBC , the protests were women; around seventy percent of the demonstrators are women.

procedure

On April 11, 2019, Vice President and Defense Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf announced on state television that he would take power for a two-year transition period, ending with free elections. He announced that there were efforts to establish a military council at the head of the state . Ibn Auf also declared a three-month state of emergency . The 75-year-old al-Bashir was deposed and was initially under guard in his residence. Numerous senior government officials and former officials, including former Defense Minister Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein and Ahmad Harun , were arrested. That same evening, Awad Ibn Auf was sworn in as Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) and Gamal Abdel-Maruf was appointed as Deputy Chief of Staff .

consequences

Fate of the deposed President al-Bashir

Al-Bashir is the since 2008 the International Criminal Court in The Hague by warrant sought the military council rejects extradition but from. After being held in an undisclosed location for a few days, al-Bashir was taken to Kober detention center in northern Khartoum on the night of April 17. At the demonstrators' request that al-Bashir be brought to justice, the new military government had promised this. The Ugandan government had previously offered the former president asylum. Two of al-Bashir's brothers were also arrested on April 18, 2019. Al-Bashir was charged with illegally possessing foreign currency and killing protesters during his reign. In June 2019 he was accused of corruption. On August 31, 2019, he was charged with illegal possession and use of foreign currency.

Protests by opposition groups and negotiations

After popular protests continued on April 12, 2019 and there was widespread criticism of the takeover of power abroad, Awad Ibn Auf announced his resignation just one day after his appointment. His successor was General Inspector Abdel Fattah Burhan . From circles of the military council it was pointed out that there are no efforts to want to stay in power permanently. The military council should only ensure security and stability and make way for a civilian government. Deputy Burhans was Mohammed Hamdan Daglo , formerly known by the nickname "Hamitti" or "Hemeti" a commander of the Janjaweed brigades in Darfur since 2013 commander of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The secret service chief Salah Gosh resigned shortly after the coup.

Even after the nomination of Burhan, the protests in front of the army headquarters continued for several weeks, led above all by the union movement Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA), the newly founded "Alliance for Peace and Progress" (also: "Declaration for Freedom and Change ", English Alliance for Freedom and Change , AFC, or Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces , DFCF). After talks with opposition representatives, the government announced the early appointment of a civilian head of government. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) pledged their support to the military council, and Russia also recognized the military government. In contrast, the African Union (AU) threatened to suspend Sudan if power was not relinquished within 15 days. The European Union also declared that it did not want to recognize the government. Saudi Arabia and the UAE pledged payments of $ 3 billion to the government of Sudan.

On April 19, 2019, thousands of demonstrators called for the transfer of power to a civilian government. The opposition canceled the publication of the membership list of a civilian government scheduled for April 21. On April 22, 2019, a spokesman for the protesters declared that he had broken off contacts with the military council because he was part of the previous regime. Meanwhile, the opposition National Ummah Party joined the protests.

On April 23, the AU decided at a special summit to give the Military Council three months to hand it over to a civilian government. The following day, the military council and opposition formed a joint committee, and three military leaders resigned at the request of the demonstrators. On April 27th the formation of a common government was announced. However, on April 30, the opposition rejected the offer of the Military Council to fill three out of ten positions and demanded a majority in the new body. The military in turn demanded the cessation of protests such as road and rail blockades and the blockade of the army headquarters. On the same day, the AU changed its ultimatum again - according to which the military government should hand over government power to civilians within 60 days. On May 13, the military leadership and the opposition agreed on the formation of a “Sovereign Council”, to which members of both groups should belong and which should hold office until the new election. However, details have not yet been agreed. After the death of six demonstrators on May 14 and the erection of further barricades, the military suspended negotiations for a few days. On May 28, a 48-hour general strike began against the sluggish progress of the negotiations. Among other things, offices remained closed and flight connections were canceled.

Massacre, further negotiations and protests

In the early morning of June 3, the military began shooting at protesters outside the army headquarters. More than 100 dead and over 300 injured were reported from medical circles; the Sudanese Ministry of Health said after a few days of 61 dead, including three security forces. Journalists spoke of a massacre .

The sit-down in front of the headquarters was broken down later in the day and the demonstrators' tents were burned. The violence against the demonstrators came from General Daglo's Rapid Support Forces. At the same time, the Internet was largely and indefinitely blocked.

Numerous women reported rape and other sexual assault by RSF members. Meanwhile, the protests continued elsewhere. The military council terminated all agreements with the opposition groups, whereupon they also declared contacts with the military council to be ended. The military council announced new elections within seven or nine months.

On June 5, the UN Security Council discussed what was happening in Sudan. A resolution against the action of the military failed due to the dissenting votes from China , Russia and Kuwait . On June 6, the African Union suspended the country's membership pending the establishment of a civilian-led interim government. The following day, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to Khartoum for mediation talks between the military council and the opposition. Several opposition leaders involved in the negotiations were arrested after the negotiations, including Mohammed Esmat and Ismail Dshallab of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement - North (SPLM-N). According to information from opposition circles, they were deported to Juba in South Sudan . On June 9, another general strike, this time announced as open-ended, began, which had been announced as a "movement of civil disobedience".

The UN Security Council met again on June 11, 2019. He condemned the violence against civilians and called for renewed negotiations and respect for human rights . The general strike has meanwhile ended. At the same time, under the hashtag #BlueForSudan, an international campaign in support of the opposition forces began, which was named after the favorite color of one of those killed.

On June 23, after efforts by the Ethiopian government, an agreement was announced between the opposition and the military council. Accordingly, a council of eight civilians and seven military should lead the country for the time being. The military rejected the proposal, so the SPA called for protest marches on June 30th. Another proposal, introduced by Ethiopia and the African Union, was accepted by the military on the day before the planned demonstration. According to this, the 15th member of the council should be "independent".

Seven people were believed to have been shot and 181 injured in the demonstrations on June 30, the 30th anniversary of the al-Bashir coup. RSF units armed with machine guns were stationed at numerous points in the capital and in other cities. Meanwhile, it became known that the de facto ruler Daglo has signed a contract with the Canadian lobby company Dickens and Madson for six million US dollars . This is supposed to improve Daglo's image, arrange for arms deliveries and enable a meeting with US President Donald Trump .

Agreement on common government

On July 3, 2019, the military announced that 235 political prisoners would be released. On the night of July 5th, the Military Council and the Declaration for Peace and Change agreed, with the mediation of the AU and Ethiopia, to form a joint “Sovereign Council” for the next three years or more. He is said to be under military leadership for 21 months, then under civilian leadership for 18 months. It should consist of five soldiers and five civilians as well as an eleventh person accepted by both groups. Democratic elections are to be held at the end of the transition phase.

Abdalla Hamdok (2017)

Internet connections across the country were restored on July 8th. According to the military council, on July 11 there was a failed coup attempt by former and active officers. This delayed the signing of the contract between the military council and the opposition; it finally took place on July 17th. On July 31, the still ruling military council closed all schools in the country after four students were shot dead by security forces during student demonstrations against police violence in El-Obeid . At the beginning of August, the military council and opposition agreed on constitutional changes. The future transitional government will be headed by a prime minister and will consist of civilians apart from the interior and defense ministers. The transitional parliament is said to have 300 MPs, 200 of which are to belong to the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, previously known as AFC or DFCF) and the remaining other opposition parties. On August 4, the relevant agreement was initialed , including by opposition leader Ahmad al-Rabiah , a teacher. The FFC nominated the economist Abdalla Hamdok as Prime Minister . On August 17th, the contract was finally signed in the presence of numerous foreign dignitaries.

Resident of Khartoum on August 21, 2019

On August 21, 2019, the “Sovereign Council” was sworn in, including Burhan as chairman and - on the civilian side - two women, one of whom is a Christian. One of the military members is Mohammed Hamdan Daglo. Prime Minister Hamdok was inaugurated on the same day. The cabinet, which was sworn in on September 9, includes Asma Mohamed Abdalla as Sudan's first female foreign minister, the former head of military intelligence under Bashir Jamal Aldin Omar († 2020) as defense minister and Ibrahim Elbadawi as finance minister.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Sudan's new PM to prioritize peace and economic allevation. africanews.com of August 22, 2019, accessed August 22, 2019
  2. ^ A b Dominic Johnson : Demonstrate until the ruler resigns. In: The daily newspaper . April 9, 2019, p. 10.
  3. ↑ a b c Ilona Eveleens: Sudan Revolutionary not go home. In: The daily newspaper . April 23, 2019, p. 10.
  4. ↑ a b Protesters demand civil government again. deutschlandfunk.de from April 20, 2019, accessed on April 20, 2019.
  5. ↑ Omar al-Bashir overthrown, army takes power in Sudan. In: The Standard . April 11, 2019, accessed the same day.
  6. ↑ The military takes power in Sudan. ORF , April 11, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  7. ↑ Sudan's new president sworn in. Spiegel Online , April 12, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  8. ↑ Sudan: coup leader resigns. africanews.com, April 12, 2019, accessed April 13, 2019.
  9. ↑ Sudan's ousted President Bashir put in prison. Spiegel Online, April 17, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  10. ^ AP : Brothers of al-Bashir arrested. In: The daily newspaper . April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  11. ↑ a b mesc: demonstrators and the military agreed on a new government body in the Sudan. derstandard.de of May 13, 2019, accessed on May 14, 2019.
  12. ↑ Sudan: Former President Omar al-Bashir is accused of corruption. Zeit Online from June 13, 2019, accessed June 14, 2019.
  13. ↑ Sudan negotiations are still ongoing for a final government. africanews.com, September 1, 2019, accessed September 2, 2019
  14. ^ President of Sudan's Transitional Council resigns. Spiegel Online , April 12, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  15. ^ A b c Dominic Johnson : Sudan's opposition wants power. In: The daily newspaper . April 14, 2019, accessed April 20, 2019.
  16. ^ Opposition announces further protests. zeit.de from April 13, 2019, accessed on April 13, 2019.
  17. ^ Sudan Professionals Association. Mail & Guardian , accessed April 13, 2019.
  18. ↑ a b Sudan seeks new leadership, the military and the opposition set up a committee. In: Der Tagesspiegel . April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  19. ^ Lie / AP / dpa: Military leadership in Sudan wants to use civilian head of government. Spiegel Online from April 14, 2019, accessed on April 14, 2019.
  20. ↑ epd : Unclear situation in Sudan. welt-sichten.org of April 17, 2019, accessed on April 20, 2019.
  21. ↑ a b Abu Idris Ali, Menna Zaki / afp: Sudan: Tensions between demonstrators and military are increasing. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  22. ↑ mfh / dpa: African Union gives military council in Sudan more time for transition. Spiegel Online from April 23, 2019, accessed on April 23, 2019.
  23. ^ The protest movement and the military form a joint government committee. Zeit Online from April 28, 2019, accessed April 28, 2019.
  24. ↑ Sudan: No agreement on power-sharing. deutschlandfunk.de from April 30, 2019, accessed on April 30, 2019.
  25. ^ Sudan military rejects civilian majority on joint transitional team. africanews.com, May 3, 2019, accessed May 3, 2019.
  26. ↑ Sudan's army has temporarily interrupted talks with the interim government. Spiegel Online from May 16, 2019, accessed on May 16, 2019.
  27. ↑ Sudan's 48-hour national strike: flights disrupted, offices shut. africanews.com, May 28, 2019, accessed May 28, 2019.
  28. ↑ Sudan: Security forces shoot protesters again. Spiegel Online from June 3, 2019, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  29. ↑ a b Sudan: Violence against demonstrators - number of dead rises to 60. Spiegel Online from June 5, 2019, accessed on June 5, 2019.
  30. ^ Ministry: No more than 46 dead. deutschlandfunk.de from June 6, 2019, accessed on June 6, 2019.
  31. ^ Maria Stöhr: Massacre in Sudan: "A cruel troop". Spiegel Online from June 12, 2019, accessed on June 13, 2019.
  32. ↑ Bernd Dörries: Sudan: Revolution on the brink. sueddeutsche.de from June 3, 2019, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  33. ↑ Sudan: massacre of demonstrators shows the hard line of the army. Spiegel Online from June 3, 2019, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  34. ↑ a b Emad Hassan: Eyewitness: Militiamen in Sudan rape men and women. dw.com on June 7, 2019, accessed June 10, 2019.
  35. ^ Military council announces new elections. Zeit Online from June 4, 2019, accessed June 4, 2019.
  36. ^ Crisis in Sudan: The number of deaths is increasing - the UN Security Council cannot find a common position. nzz.ch of July 5, 2019, accessed on June 5, 2019.
  37. ↑ AU suspends Sudan. ORF, June 6, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  38. ↑ Ethiopia PM in Sudan to mediate between military and opposition. africanews.com, June 7, 2019, accessed June 7, 2019.
  39. ↑ Protest leader arrested after meeting with Ethiopia's head of government. welt.de from June 8, 2019, accessed on June 8, 2019.
  40. ↑ Sudan military accused of deporting protest leaders. africanews.com, June 11, 2019, accessed June 11, 2019.
  41. ↑ kle / jv (dpa, afp, ape, rtre): Sudan's opposition begins nationwide strike. dw.com on June 9, 2019, accessed June 9, 2019.
  42. ^ Strike in Sudan ended - new attempt at negotiations. dw.com from June 11, 2019.
  43. ↑ Under #BlueForSudan people show solidarity with the protest in Sudan. nun.de from June 13, 2019, accessed on June 16, 2019.
  44. ^ ANF: Sudan: Opposition approves proposal for interim administration. Anfdeutsch.com from June 23, 2019, accessed on June 23, 2019
  45. ^ Sudan protest leaders call for marches next week. africannews.com, June 25, 2019, accessed June 25, 2019
  46. ↑ Sudan's army accepts AU, Ethiopia transition proposal as protesters plan 'millions march'. africanews.com, June 29, 2019, accessed June 29, 2019
  47. ↑ Ilona Eveleens: Seven dead, 181 injured. taz.de from July 1, 2019, accessed on July 1, 2019
  48. ↑ Quebec company may have broken Sudan sanctions. theglobeandmail.com of June 28, 2019 (English), accessed July 1, 2019
  49. ↑ asc / AFP : Sudan: Military and opposition agree on interim government. Spiegel Online from July 5, 2019, accessed on July 5, 2019
  50. ^ Jen Kirby: Sudan's military and civilian opposition have reached a power-sharing deal. vox.com of July 5, 2019 (English), accessed July 6, 2019
  51. ^ Sudan military says it foiled attempted coup. africanews.com, July 12, 2019, accessed July 12, 2019
  52. ↑ Christoph Sydow, Christoph Titz: Sudan: What could be behind the attempted coup. Spiegel Online from July 12, 2019, accessed on July 12, 2019
  53. ↑ Sudan: Military and opposition agree to share power. Spiegel Online from July 17, 2019, accessed on July 20, 2019
  54. ^ Sudan: Military Council closes all schools. deutschlandfunk.de from July 31, 2019, accessed on August 1, 2019
  55. ^ Agreement on constitutional amendment in Sudan. dw.com on August 3, 2019, accessed on August 3, 2019
  56. ↑ Ilona Eveleens: Final breakthrough, hopefully. taz.de from August 5, 2019, accessed on August 6, 2019
  57. ↑ Karim El-Gawhary: Difficult Path to Democracy. taz.de from August 22, 2019, accessed on August 22, 2019
  58. ^ Sudan opposition picks economist as first post-Bashir prime minister. africanews.com, August 16, 2019, accessed August 16, 2019
  59. ^ Sudan's opposition coalition, military council sign accord on transitional government. africanews.com, August 17, 2019, accessed August 17, 2019
  60. ↑ New start for Sudan. diepresse.com of September 5, 2019, accessed on September 5, 2019
  61. ^ Sudan: New government sworn in. deutschlandfunk.de from September 9, 2019, accessed on September 9, 2019