mussels

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
mussels
Common blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)

Common blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis )

Systematics
Class : Mussels (Bivalvia)
Subclass : Autolamellibranchiata
Subclass : Pteriomorphia
Order : Mytilida
Superfamily : Mytiloidea
Family : mussels
Scientific name
Mytilidae
Rafinesque , 1815

The blue mussels (Mytilidae) (other name for mussels ) are a family of the order Mytilida according to the current classification of mussels . This is placed in the infraclass pteriomorphia within the autolamellibranchiata . It is a group of mussels that live mainly in the tidal and shelf areas of the seas, but smaller groups also live in a highly specialized symbiotic manner with chemoautotrophic bacteria in the deep sea at hydrothermal springs and methane leaks on the sea floor. The oldest mussels (Mytilidae) are known from the Devonian .

features

The housings of the Mytilidae are always the same. The shape of the shell was probably originally oval, but in most groups it is characteristically very elongated and the vertebra is shifted forward. The shell consists of an inner layer with aragonitic , mother-of-pearl microstructures, a middle layer with calcitic , prismatic microstructures and an outer organic layer (periostracum), which in some forms is beard-like. The lock is largely reduced, the ligament is outside and behind the vertebra. Due to the reduction in size of the anterior sphincter muscle, all representatives are mostly more or less clearly anisomyar (= sphincter muscles are not uniform). Most forms have a byssus .

Geographical distribution and way of life

Most of the Mytilidae live in the tidal areas of today's seas or in the areas that connect to the tidal area towards the sea (shallow and deeper subtidal ). They are mostly attached to the substrate with the help of organic byssus and can form colonies. Others live half or completely buried in the sediment or have become secondary boring ( Lithophaga ). Other forms (subfamily Bathymodiolinae) have penetrated the deep sea and live in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria at hydrothermal springs and cold seas (e.g. methane springs ). Still other forms live on whale carcasses and sunken, larger tree trunks in deeper water or the deep sea. Some types of mussels can get very old. So for Crenomytilus grayanus an age up to 126 years been proven.

Role model in bionics

In the living area of ​​the mussels there is usually a strong current. In order to survive in these regions and not to be washed out into the sea, mussels have a kind of "super glue". With the help of this glue, the mussel can stick to almost any surface. On her foot she exudes threads that consist of a protein glue. The most important component of this protein glue is the amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine , or "dopa" for short. Under the conditions prevailing in water, the dopa groups react in several steps to form a polymer matrix, a strongly networked system of macromolecules. With the help of this system and the chemical structure of this polymer matrix, mussels can form very stable bonds. Such an adhesive is of interest for research because it sticks very well in humid regions and is therefore also used e.g. B. can be used under water, but also because of its property to combine organic substances with inorganic ones, which is z. B. in dentistry or surgery.

Systematics

There are currently four newer systems of the superfamily Mytiloidea that compete in details: Bieler & Mikkelsen (2006), Bouchet & Rocroi (2011), Carter (2011) and the system in the World Register of Marine Species. Since then, some scientific papers have been added on individual subfamilies.

According to the system of Bieler & Mikkelsen (2006), the Mytilidae are the only family of the superfamily Mytiloidea, which in turn is the only superfamily within the order Mytilida. Bouchet & Rocroi (2011) and the World Register of Marine Species essentially follow this system. The single family is divided into several subfamilies. In contrast, Carter et al. (2011) the superfamily Mytiloidea in three families: Crenellidae, Mytilidae and Septiferidae. Crenellidae and Septiferidae are subfamilies of the Mytilidae family in the Bouchet & Rocroi system. The system of the Mytilidae is still fraught with great uncertainties. Therefore, most of the genera have not yet been assigned to a subfamily. There is also still disagreement in the assessment of some taxa (validity and / or hierarchical level). Therefore, there will certainly be numerous changes in the system in the near future. The exclusively fossil species have not yet been fully recorded.

supporting documents

literature

  • Michael Amler, Rudolf Fischer & Nicole Rogalla: Mussels . Haeckel library, volume 5. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 2000 ISBN 3-13-118391-8 .
  • Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi Rüdiger Bieler Joseph G. Carter Eugene V. Coan: Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families. Malacologia, 52 (2): 1-184, 2010 doi : 10.4002 / 040.052.0201
  • Rüdiger Bieler & Paula M. Mikkelsen: Bivalvia - a look at the branches . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148: 223-235, London 2006.
  • Joseph G. Carter, Cristian R. Altaba, Laurie C. Anderson, Rafael Araujo, Alexander S. Biakov, Arthur E. Bogan, David C. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Chen Jin-hua, John CW Cope, Graciela Delvene, Henk H Dijkstra, Fang Zong-jie, Ronald N. Gardner, Vera A. Gavrilova, Irina A. Goncharova, Peter J. Harries, Joseph H. Hartman, Michael Hautmann, Walter R. Hoeh, Jorgen Hylleberg, Jiang Bao-yu, Paul Johnston, Lisa Kirkendale, Karl Kleemann, Jens Koppka, Jiří Kříž, Deusana Machado, Nikolaus Malchus, Ana Márquez-Aliaga, Jean-Pierre Masse, Christopher A. McRoberts, Peter U. Middelfart, Simon Mitchell, Lidiya A. Nevesskaja, Sacit Özer , John Pojeta, Jr., Inga V. Polubotko, Jose Maria Pons, Sergey Popov, Teresa Sánchez, André F. Sartori, Robert W. Scott, Irina I. Sey, Javier H. Signorelli, Vladimir V. Silantiev, Peter W. Skelton, Thomas Steuber, J. Bruce Waterhouse, G. Lynn Wingard, Thomas Yancey: A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, 4: 1-47, Lawrence, Kansas, USA 2011, ISSN  1946-0279 PDF

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ NI Selin, PA Dulenina: The Growth and Lifespan of the Mussel Crenomytilus grayanus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in the Tatar Strait (Sea of ​​Japan) in Connection with the Conditions of Life at the Northern Border of the Species Range. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 38 (4): 318-324, 2012 doi : 10.1134 / S1063074012040074
  2. ↑ Sticky mussel proteins adhere largely independently of the number of their binding components. Possibility of new types of adhesives. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, November 4, 2008.
  3. ↑ Scinexx.de: Glue copied from the mussel. Fraunhofer Society, October 22, 2007.
  4. ↑ Ingo Lackerbauer: Bionic super glue. ( Memento of December 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) December 24, 2014.
  5. ↑ Kongchang Wei, Berna Senturk, Martin T. Matter, Xi Wu, Inge K. Herrmann, Markus Rottmar, Claudio Toncelli: Mussel-Inspired Injectable Hydrogel Adhesive Formed under Mild Conditions Features Near-Native Tissue Properties. American Chemical Society (ACS) Applied Materials & Interfaces 11 (51): 47707-47719, 2019 doi : 10.1021 / acsami.9b16465
  6. ^ World Register of Marine Species: Mytilidae
  7. ↑ Konstantin A. Lutaenko: Bivalve mollusks in Ulsan Bay (Korea). Korean Journal of Malacology, 30 (1): 57-77, 2014 PDF
  8. ↑ a b c Justine Thubaut, Nicolas Puillandre, Baptiste Faure, Corinne Cruaud, Sarah Samadi: The Contrasted evolutionary fates of deep-sea chemosynthetic mussels (Bivalvia, Bathymodiolinae). Ecology and Evolution, 3 (14): 4748-4766, 2013 doi : 10.1002 / ece3.749
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Berenice Trovant, JM (Lobo) Orensanz, Daniel E. Ruzzante, Wolfgang Stotz, Néstor G. Basso: Scorched mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae: Brachidontinae) from the temperate coasts of South America: Phylogenetic relationships, trans - Pacific connections and the footprints of Quaternary glaciations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82: 60-74, 2015 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.10.002
  10. ↑ a b c Masato Owada, Bert W. Hoeksema: Molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of Fungiacava eilatensis Goreau et al. 1968, boring into mush-room corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae), in relation to other mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Contributions to Zoology, 80 (3) 169-178, 2011 PDF ( Memento from July 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ Brian Mortona, Grete E. Dinesen: The biology and functional morphology of Modiolarca subpicta (Bivalvia: Mytilidae: Musculinae), epizoically symbiotic with Ascidiella aspersa (Urochordata: Ascidiacea), from the Kattegat, northern Jutland, Denmark. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91 (8): 1637-1649, 2010 doi : 10.1017 / S0025315410001980
  12. ^ World Register of Marine Species: Modiolarca Gray, 1843
  13. ↑ Kurt W. Ockelmann, Grete E. Dinesen: Systematic relationship of the genus Adula and its descent from a Mytilus-like ancestor (Bivalvia, Mytilidae, Mytilinae). Steenstrupia, 30 (2): 141-152, 2009 PDF
  14. ^ A b Richard L. Squires, Louella Saul: New Late Cretaceous Mytilid and Tellinoidean Bivalves from California. The Veliger, 48 (3): 121-135 2006 PDF
  15. ↑ Bruce R. Wilson: A new generic name for a burrowing mytilid (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Molluscan Research 26 (2): 89-97, 2006.

Web links

Commons : Mussels  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files