By-product
By-product is in the business administration and production technology , a product that in a manufacturing process is obtained, whose main purpose is not to the production of this business object is directed.
General
This legal definition can be found in § 4 KrWG and separates the by-product from the waste product if the by-product is an integral part of the production process and is used legally. This provision is based on Art. 5 Directive 2008/98 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of November 19, 2008 on waste and the repeal of certain directives , which stipulates that “a substance or object that is the result of a manufacturing process is subject to its The main objective is not the production of the relevant substance or object, not as waste, but rather as a by-product. ”This EU directive is primarily concerned with the delimitation of by-products from waste.
By- products are only found in joint production , where in the production of basic materials, for chemical / physical / technical reasons, in addition to the actual main product ( e.g. motor gasoline in refineries , gas in gas works ), by-products (light heating oil or coke and tar ) are inevitably produced. By- products arise not only in industry , but also in agricultural production , such as the chaff when threshing grain . This can then be used as roughage .
Legal issues
By-product is a legal term that, in addition to the KrWG, also appears in Art. 3 No. 1 Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 21, 2009 , in which “animal by-products” as “whole animal bodies or parts of animals or products of animal origin or other products obtained from animals that are not intended for human consumption, including ova, embryos and semen ”.
Biomass are to § 2 para. 2 no. 3 BiomasseV among other things, waste and by-products of vegetable and animal origin from agriculture , forestry and fishing .
Examples
The processing of many natural products or raw materials inevitably results in the following by-products:
| Raw material | Main product | Byproducts |
|---|---|---|
| Sugar beet | Beet sugar | Molasses , carbolime and beet pulp |
| Sugar cane | Cane sugar | Molasses , bagasse |
| Hard and soft cheese production | cheese | Sweet whey , sweet whey powder |
| Quark production | Quark | Sour whey , whey cheese |
| Biomass | Ethanol | Dry liquor |
| Thomas method | steel | Thomas flour |
| Beer making | beer | Marc |
| Winemaking | Wine | Pomace brandy |
By-products of sawdust are pressed briquettes or pellets for heating purposes. In terms of quantity, the predominant by-product of vegetable oil production is the press cake , e.g. B. Rapeseed cake . In petroleum refineries , the refinery gas is a typical by-product of petroleum refining. The refinery gases have the following percentages by volume, also by-products:
| By-product |
Crude Oil - distillation |
Catalytic cracking |
hydro- cracking |
|---|---|---|---|
| hydrogen | 0 | 10.7 | 20.2 |
| methane | 21.4 | 17.7 | 38.9 |
| Ethylene ( ethene ) | 0 | 4.6 | 0 |
| Ethane | 20.3 | 13.5 | 4.1 |
| Propene | 0 | 13.7 | 0 |
| propane | 27.2 | 11.2 | 9.7 |
| Butene | 0 | 15.5 | 0 |
| butane | 31.0 | 13.1 | 27.1 |
Lignite soft coke ( Grude ) is produced during low-temperature coking , while liquid gas is the by-product of crude oil processing in refineries.
economic aspects
Since the production of primary and secondary products takes place largely at the same time, it is in the production economy by multi-product firms . The cost accounting is in multi-product firms much more difficult than with single-product because each product as payers must be considered individually. The difficult cost allocation can best be solved by subtracting the revenues from the by-products from the total costs and then distributing the remaining costs to the main products:
Umsatzerlöse Nebenprodukte - Kosten der Weiterverarbeitung der Nebenprodukte - Vertriebskosten der Nebenprodukte = Deckungsbeitrag der Nebenprodukte
As part of the cost control , it can be monitored to what extent the marketing of the by-products covers the costs of their further processing and their distribution costs.
Differentiation from waste
Often by-products today are not - as often before - landfilled or incinerated but a recycling fed. From today's perspective, however, this was waste and not recycling, as these materials had never been used before.
According to the definition of the term used in the European Union , a substance or object that is the result of a manufacturing process, the main objective of which is not the manufacture of the substance or object in question, can be both waste and by-product. The crucial difference is the usability or the determination of how to deal with it further. The product is therefore considered a by-product (and therefore not as waste for recycling ) under the following conditions:
- it is certain that the substance or object will continue to be used;
- the substance or article can be used directly without further processing beyond normal industrial processes;
- the substance or object is produced as an integral part of a manufacturing process and
- the further use is lawful, ie the substance or object meets all relevant product, environmental and health protection requirements for the respective use and does not lead to any harmful effects on the environment or health.
The EU member states are mandated to promote usability through appropriate procedures and regulations. The EU recognizes in particular an opportunity in so-called reproducible industrial symbiosis processes .
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Schaefer (Ed.), VDI-Lexikon Energietechnik , 1994, p. 1014
- ↑ Helmut Schaefer (Ed.), VDI-Lexikon Energietechnik , 1994, p. 166
- ↑ Helmut Schaefer (Ed.), VDI-Lexikon Energietechnik , 1994, p. 479
- ↑ Manfred Kuhn / Siegfried Reinhold (eds.), Gablers Schüler Lexikon Wirtschaft , 1980, p. 138
- ↑ Wulff Plinke, Industrial cost accounting for engineers , 1989, p. 121
- ↑ Article 5 Directive 2008/98 / EC ( Waste Framework Directive ), including the following. Definition implemented in Germany by § 4 KrWG
