OdF committees

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Day of the Victims of Fascism in Berlin's Lustgarten, 1948.

Committees for the Victims of Fascism (OdF) were founded in many places in all four occupation zones of Germany after the end of the Nazi regime by order of the Allies . Survivors of the political, ethnic, social and religious minorities persecuted by the Nazi regime founded the Main Committee of Victims of Fascism in Berlin in the summer of 1945. In September they celebrated the “Day of the Victims of Fascism” for the first time. At that time, fascism was a generally accepted term, which also included National Socialism . In the context of these activities, the Association of Those Persecuted by the Nazi Regime - Association of Antifascists (VVN), which still exists today, was established in 1947 .

For the first three years, the victims of the Nazi regime were commemorated largely in a non-partisan and cross-denominational manner. With the beginning of the Cold War, however, a politically motivated division of remembrance into West and East began. From the mid-1950s onwards, in the Federal Republic and West Berlin , all war victims were commemorated (“ Volkstrauertag ”). The attempt to ban the anti-fascist memorial day in the Federal Republic failed together with the ban process against the VVN, but the term and memorial day disappeared from public discourse. In the GDR, however, the OdF day became a state day of remembrance.

Day of the Victims of Fascism

The day of the victims of fascism was celebrated in the GDR on September 14th. The concern of the day was to commemorate the victims of the Nazi terror and to build a free Germany. He combined “remembrance and mourning with information and education and the appeal to the living: 'Never again war and fascism'. In memory and in their mourning, relatives, friends and comrades in arms came together. “The focus of the honor was on the murdered resistance fighters . The victim of the Holocaust was thought of as secondary or not at all.

Even before the division of Germany , thousands came together on September 9, 1945 in numerous cities in Saxony , in Brandenburg , Weimar , Neumünster , Stuttgart and Berlin to honor the victims of fascism. In Berlin, which was still destroyed, there were around 100,000 people. 15,000 of them were survivors of the concentration camps and mostly resistance fighters who had returned from abroad. The day of remembrance was repeated on the same date the following year and has been celebrated on the second Sunday in September since then. By decision of the Berlin magistrate there has been a day of remembrance for the victims of fascism on every second Sunday in September since 1945 , popularly abbreviated as OdF day .

In the post-war years, the day was borne by activists from the resistance. In September 1946 in Berlin Werner Haberthür (Christian resistance), Ruthild Hahne ( Red Orchestra ), Marion Countess Yorck von Wartenburg ( Kreisau District ), Erich Ziegler ( Heinz Kapelle Group ), Erich Wichmann ( Beppo Römer Group ) spoke. , Robert Havemann ( European Union ), Änne Saefkow ( Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein-Organization ).

Since the reunification in 1990, the day of remembrance has been celebrated as a day of remembrance and reminder .

In a number of places there is still a “Street of the Victims of Fascism” or a “Place of the Victims of Fascism”, for example in Halberstadt , Halle , Nuremberg , Schwerin and Suhl and at the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp .

Secret committees in the concentration camps before the liberation

The first committees were formed from the concentration camps in which there had been organized resistance. In particular in Buchenwald , Sachsenhausen and in the V-weapon production in the subcamp Dora in the eastern Harz there was organized resistance, the fighters of which had survived in large numbers. In Eastern European extermination camps like Sobibor , almost no one was left, or the survivors had dispersed in the chaos of war.

In 1947, former prisoners of the Buchenwald concentration camp were constituted as a camp committee. One year later, former prisoners from other camps and from the punitive units of the Wehrmacht (units "555" and " 999 ") followed their example . Former Spanish fighters of the Interbrigades also formed a committee. The committees were independent of the VVN, but worked closely with it, and some also joined it. Her tasks included the reconstruction of the history of the camps and the reconstruction of the "SS inventory and prisoner functional forces", the "reconstruction of the history of the resistance" and the maintenance of international solidarity and cooperation. After the end of the war, the committees of the victims of fascism were formed from the committees that still existed in the camps during the National Socialist era .

Committees and committees of the victims of fascism from 1945

After the liberation in May 1945, thousands of prisoners tried to return to their hometowns or places of work. Already in the first days of April and May, auxiliary committees were spontaneously formed in many cities to provide the surviving persecuted with food, clothing, shoes, health care and accommodation. Some of these were called Committees of the Victims of Fascism . However, their concerns and the way they worked were similar. In addition to caring for the concentration camp survivors, anti-Nazi advisory committees were also set up in some places such as Leipzig to persecute the perpetrators.

The committees were formed by opponents of the Nazis and liberated prisoners in all four zones of occupation. Initially they were recognized by the military commanderships of all four occupying powers . In the Soviet occupation zone , the committees prepared the establishment of the later Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime (VVN), which was to emerge from them. In the post-war situation, the committees provided important assistance by providing their members with scarce goods such as food, clothing and housing. They were also responsible for checking the legality of the claims, which was often difficult because most of the former prisoners had not received any official papers.

The former persecuted were, as far as possible, included in the work of the committees and were thus able to organize themselves politically again. These were mainly political prisoners or those who were already politically organized in the underground underground camp committees and were able to do their political work publicly and legally again after the end of the war.

Self-image of the committees

In their self-image, the committees agreed that they were entitled to a legally regulated reparation because the German people "watched inactive as millions and millions were thrown into concentration camps, jails and prisons, and chased through the crematoria." In addition, the "political fighters" demanded "social recognition" as such against other Germans as perpetrators or followers.

Aid to survivors

The first uniform regulations at state level were enacted in Saxony on September 9th and in Thuringia on September 14th, 1945. Up until the autumn of 1945, different regulations were enacted in each city and region as to who had access to what aid from the committees. In Leipzig, for example, every “political prisoner or racially persecuted person” received a cash payment of 150 or 75 Reichsmarks as well as numerous benefits in kind. Anyone who was imprisoned for two years and liberated in 1945 was also given the food card for hard workers.

In Berlin initially only the “active political fighters” who were in custody to the end and had received heavy sentences received the status of Victims of Fascism (OdF) and a cash payment of 450 Reichsmarks and other help. In Halle the payments were staggered according to the length of the imprisonment, for six years imprisonment 400 RM, for up to 10 years 800 RM, over 10 years 1000 RM.

Search services for the persecution of Nazi criminals

Immediately after the end of the war, the OdF committees set up tracing services. On the one hand, missing relatives and friends of the OdF were searched for. From the beginning, however, there was also a search for former concentration camp guards, SS men , informers, prison staff and judicial employees. In the newspapers Die Tat and Our Appell there were the sections “We're looking for” and “Who knows ... ...”.

From this, materials and statements were systematically collected in order to atone for crimes against humanity that had occurred during the time of National Socialism. The OdF were asked to identify their judges and tormentors "by name in order to determine their whereabouts and to be able to bring charges."

Of the first 300 that were named in this way, 45 could be found. In January 1949 a “ Fahndungsblatt ” published by the VVN appeared in the Soviet occupation zone with a circulation of 55,000. From the 1950s, magazines were regularly published Who knows this man? published. There were also some booklets with the title Who knows this woman? . The main search was for SS and Gestapo people accused of crimes against humanity. In 1948, half of the SS men from the Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen camps were not imprisoned or convicted, or were released for lack of evidence.

Demonstration of victims of fascism in 1947

Investigations were also carried out against VVN members, who were not really victims of the Nazi regime, and against informers among the OdF who had betrayed comrades during the persecution. The OdF worked closely with the denazification commissions and the Soviet security organs.

In the course of the founding of the state of the GDR, the investigative departments of the initially informal committees were formalized. Since the early years of the GDR, these have worked with the Central Administration of the Interior , the Ministry for State Security and the People's Police , the party control commissions of the SED , the prosecution authorities in the GDR and also with judicial bodies in the Federal Republic.

"Save the children" campaign

In the winter of 1945, the Berlin OdF committee called for a collection of clothing, toys and donations to provide for all of the city's children. 6 million Reichsmarks were collected in Berlin. In doing so, no distinction was made between whether the parents were Nazis or not, in order to set a sign of reconciliation.

Establishment of the first memorials

The OdF-Platz in Köthen (Anhalt)

Until the early 1950s, in many cases it was not known where inmates had been shot and buried on the “evacuation marches” . The VVN asked the residents of the affected villages for information and was able to document mass graves and the routes of the death marches for the GDR until 1952. The VVN pushed through the erection of tombs and memorial plaques throughout the country, also against resistance from local administrations.

Main Committee Victims of Fascism

In Berlin, on June 14, 1945, the Main Committee on Victims of Fascism was founded around the resistance fighter and member of the Magistrate Ottomar Geschke ( KPD ). Like all organizations up to the division of Germany, this had an all-German claim, but was able to work primarily in the Soviet Zone, as it was recognized and supported by it.

The initial all-German claim is evident in the founding members, who came from different political spectra, which also later met with hostility. These included: the social democratic resistance against the Nazi regime ( Otto Brass , Gustav Dahrendorf ), bourgeois resistance groups (Hildegard Staehl, Andreas Hermes , Hermann Landwehr , Theodor Stelzer ), Christian resistance (Pastor Heinrich Grüber ), left-wing intellectuals in the resistance ( Robert Havemann ), and so-called “racially persecuted”, by which the Jewish resistance fighters were meant ( Julius Meyer ). The chairman of the main committee Geschke and Margarete Jung came from the communist resistance.

After the founding of the main committee, committees of the victims of fascism were founded in all missing cities and districts by the end of October, so that they existed throughout the Soviet Zone.

The committees in the Soviet zone of occupation

Many committees arose spontaneously and were founded by opponents of the Nazis and those who had previously been persecuted. In Leipzig, Halle and Thuringia , in particular , regions that had initially been liberated by American troops, these continued to exist until they were transferred to the Soviet occupation zone. Subsequently, on the instructions of the Soviet military administration , the committees were incorporated into the city administrations and their social committees. Any further independence was not tolerated, for example in Leipzig.

Recognition of the victims of fascism and resistance fighters

In the Soviet occupation zone and from 1949 in the GDR there were precise criteria for being recognized as a victim of fascism . Immediately after the war ended, social benefits were granted depending on the region and city. In the post-war years this continued until the honorary pension emerged from it, which was called the VdN pension and which was paid as a partial pension in addition to the salary for working people. Further regulations such as an annual health check and regulations for the education of children were added. A group different from the victims of fascism were the fighters against fascism . Both groups together were considered victims of the Nazi regime (VdN).

From the end of the war to September 1945

In May 1946, 15,536 people in the Soviet occupation zone were recognized as fighters against fascism and 42,287 as victims of fascism. In the first months after the end of the war, only a small group of people was recognized, with large variations depending on the city and region. Mainly members of the KPD, the trade unions, the proletarian organizations and the organized resistance were recognized as OdF. Large groups such as Sinti and Roma , homosexuals , Jehovah's Witnesses , " work loafers " were not recognized . Jews were not recognized until September 1945. The reason for the severe restriction was a lack of money. The "Deutsche Volkszeitung" , the leading medium of the Soviet occupation zone, wrote on July 1, 1945:

“The victims of fascism are millions of people, all those who have lost their homes, apartments and possessions. The victims of fascism are the men who had to become soldiers and who were deployed in Hitler's battalions, are all those who had to give their lives for Hitler's criminal war. Victims of fascism are the Jews who were persecuted and murdered as victims of racial madness, are the Bible Students and the " job contract sinners ". But we cannot use the term “victim of fascism” to go that far. They all tolerated and suffered hardships, but they did not fight. "

From October 1945, recognition of Jews as OdF

The practice of not recognizing persecuted Jews in particular led to violent conflicts at the first congress of all OdF committees of the Soviet occupation zone, which met on October 27 and 28, 1945 in Leipzig. The main committee in Berlin had already announced in September that it would also include “racially persecuted people” (especially Jews and Sinti and Roma), Jehovah's Witnesses and saboteurs. At the Leipzig Congress it was argued that an all-German claim to representation must also include groups outside the political resistance. Nevertheless, some delegates continued to speak out against the recognition of Jews as OdF. Numerous surviving Jews stood up for recognition, including the Jewish communist Heinz Brandt .

Victim of fascism “is the meaning, according to the term, simply everyone, every class, all those who were persecuted, destroyed and punished because of their race, because of the other political delusional doctrines of the Nazis [...] whereby it is first of all for this term What matters is not whether these people were fought, exterminated and exterminated because of their active political struggle, but simply because they came to the concentration camps as passive victims by the Nazis. ”The resistance fighter Löwenhaupt from Dresden noticed that he was himself at the congress "must feel like a Jew again". He polemically asked where those who did not want to recognize all victims of the Nuremberg Race Laws as OdF after the liberation had been in the years before the liberation, and also accused some of those imprisoned in the former concentration camps of anti-Semitism :

“Haven't you seen what was going on all over Germany and you weren't in the camps and in the concentration camps and didn't you see that, like the Jew, not only from the SS people and not only was beaten by the federal authorities , but also by people who are now wearing the red triangle [communists and socialists in the camps]? "

Until 1947, further recognition

In the course of the congress in Leipzig in September 1945, many other groups were recognized as victims of fascism and thus benefited from state support. From September 1945 this also included all Jews, then referred to as “bearers of the Jewish star” or “star bearers”, those persecuted as Jehovah's Witnesses, the fighters on the side of the republic in the Spanish civil war , “the illegal fighters of the anti-fascist parties”, worker functionaries, Political emigrants, relatives and survivors of those who were murdered and executed, the illegal fighters in the underground, "the men and women of July 20 " and other resistance fighters against Hitler spent long prison terms without judgment . In some cases, cases of degradation of military strength were also recognized. In principle, all victims of the Nuremberg Laws who were in a concentration camp or who had lived as illegals were recognized. In addition, those persecuted for minor offenses were recognized, so-called radio criminals who had heard hostile radio stations, " complainers " and "work saboteurs ", insofar as they had been convicted by the National Socialists.

Homosexuals, Sinti and Roma and those who had been subjected to forced sterilization were not recognized , although they had to be defined as groups of victims according to the Nuremberg Race Laws. Deserters and deserters from the last six months of the war also remained unrecognized . It was assumed that at the end of the war it was less conviction than opportunism in view of the defeat that was decisive. Jews from mixed marriages were only partially recognized .

In the course of the great expansion of the Recognized OdF, a basic distinction was introduced between "fighters" and "victims". In May 1946, guidelines were laid down in the decree “Who is a Victim of Fascism? Guidelines for the issue of ID cards ”for the SBZ. This was the first time that Sinti and Roma were recognized as OdF, but only with proof of permanent residence, which in fact excluded most of them.

In addition to the specified criteria, equal treatment as an OdF was dependent on the current political activity, which, for example, was to the detriment of Jehovah's Witnesses in Leipzig but also affected people who did not want to join a party despite "gentle pressure" in order to get involved politically Participate in reconstruction of Germany.

Finally, in April 1947, the previous practices in the Soviet Zone and Berlin were formalized through legal guidelines.

Overweight of KPD members

The initial narrowing of the recognized victims of fascism to political resistance fighters resulted in a predominance of communists in many local OdF groups. Within the underground political groups in the camps, they were mostly the larger group than the Social Democrats or others. The OdF district committee Leipzig wrote:

“The office here is for the most part occupied by members of the Communist Party and only partially by one or two Social Democrats and a few non-party members. [...] The composition is due to the fact that the vast majority of the people did their work on a voluntary basis before they were employed, because the vast majority of them are concentration camps. It's not our fault. Because in fact 90% of the political prisoners in the concentration camp were communists. We had an anti-fascist committee from the Leipzigers and took three men out of the Buchenwald and one bourgeois, that was Dr. Lippert. That was all there was of 120 men in Buchenwald, all the others were communists. "

The organized groups within the camps were dominated by communists, members of the KPD and, in the case of non-German prisoners, by members of communist parties in their countries. Nevertheless, attempts began to deny that communists and other groups in the concentration camps had worked together in solidarity. The SPD chairman Kurt Schumacher was therefore sharply reprimanded by the VVN.

German Democratic Republic

With victims of fascism both the victims and the dead were called, and the survivors of prisons, concentration camps, extermination camps and resistance fighters. Recognized OdF received material aid in the Soviet occupation zone, while in the GDR they received higher pensions and numerous benefits as victims of the Nazi regime or as fighters against fascism. The day of the victims of fascism was an official day of remembrance, on which around 100,000 people regularly took part, especially in Berlin. The leadership of the GDR, in particular the Central Committee of the SED , saw itself in the tradition of the victims of fascism, especially the organized resistance in the concentration camps, including in Buchenwald.

From 1947 the VVN was the carrier of the OdF day. After the dissolution of the VVN in the GDR in 1953, the committee of anti-fascist resistance fighters continued the OdF day together with the National Front and the SED.

Rally for the Day of the Victims of Fascism, Bebelplatz , East Berlin, 1984

From the late 1940s onwards, the VVN celebrated a “Day of Young Resistance Fighters” every year. The date was around January 22nd, the anniversary of the Scholl siblings' death . From the early 1950s, however, at the instigation of the SED, the memory of them was pushed back, on the grounds that they only turned against Hitler after the Battle of Stalingrad . This did not meet with general approval in the VVN. From the middle and end of the 1950s, the Jewish, Christian and civil resistance increasingly disappeared from memory in the GDR. After the last day to honor the Scholl siblings in the GDR in 1952, the second Sunday in September became the central day of remembrance of the VVN. In the cities and regions there were also local memorial days such as Liberation Day in Weimar since 1948 (Buchenwald concentration camp).

Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin

In the western zones , the day of the victims of fascism was celebrated nationwide in the first post-war years with state support. In the course of the Cold War, the day became an official memorial day in the GDR and increasingly ostracized in the Federal Republic . In 1952 it was replaced by the day of national mourning. From 1996 onwards, January 27th as the day of remembrance of the victims of National Socialism related to the day of the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp was in competition in the unified Germany .

Despite state repression, the day of the OdF continued in some cities. In Frankfurt am Main , the participants of the OdF day in 1951 were driven away by the police with water cannons , which led to a scandal. In other cities such as West Berlin, larger police presence often prevented participants in the OdF day from putting on wreaths. The repression reached its climax between 1959 and 1962 during the prohibition proceedings against the association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime . When the trial finally broke - the leading judge was convicted as a Nazi - criminalization and repression ended, although commemorations were hindered again and again until the late 1960s.

Austria

Founded after the liberation of Austria in 1945 as a non-partisan association of resistance fighters and victims of fascism, the concentration camp association / association of anti-fascists (VdA) unites the last surviving resistance fighters, victims and their survivors as well as the younger generations of anti-fascists through its regional associations. The concentration camp association / VdA is active in representing the interests of the victims of fascism from 1933 to 1945 according to the Victims Welfare Act (OFG), in commemorative work and in the fight against neo-fascism and right-wing extremism. The individual regional associations are part of the Federal Association of Austrian Antifascists, Resistance Fighters and Victims of Fascism (KZ-Verband / VdA).

literature

  • Hans Coppi , Nicole Warmbold: The second Sunday in September. Remembering and remembering the victims of fascism. On the history of the OdF day. VVN-BdA : Berlin 2005, Online (PDF, 6 MB).
  • Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ OdF committees :: Kreuzberg memorial plaque for victims of the Nazi regime 1933-1945. Retrieved May 5, 2017 . .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Memorial Forum: Memorial Forum - circular. Retrieved May 5, 2017 . .
  3. ↑ Birgit Wolf: Language in the GDR. A dictionary . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-080592-5 , p. 221 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  4. ↑ The second Sunday in September Commemorating and remembering the victims of fascism: On the history of the OdF day , brochure of the VVN-BdA, 2011, p. 12.
  5. ↑ Juliane Reil: Remembrance and commemoration in dealing with the Holocaust - draft of a historical memory theory . transcript, Bielefeld 2018, ISBN 978-3-8394-4225-8 , p. 134 f. (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  6. ^ The second Sunday in September. Commemorating and remembering the victims of fascism: On the history of the OdF day , brochure of the VVN-BdA, 2011, p. 16.
  7. ↑ The second Sunday in September Commemorating and remembering the victims of fascism: On the history of the OdF day , brochure of the VVN-BdA, 2011, p. 18.
  8. ↑ day of reminder
  9. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. edition ost, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 395.
  10. ↑ Thomas Willms: Auschwitz as a quarry , Papyrossa Verlag, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-89438-622-1 .
  11. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 392f.
  12. ^ A b c d Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 71.
  13. ↑ Klaus Mammach: Resistance 1939-1945. History of the German anti-fascist resistance movement in Germany and in emigration . Akademie-Verla, East Berlin 1987, p. 370.
  14. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 76.
  15. ↑ Klaus Mammach: Resistance 1939-1945. History of the German anti-fascist resistance movement in Germany and in emigration , Berlin 1987 pp. 364–393.
  16. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 74.
  17. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 161.
  18. ^ Annual report 1945/1946 of the municipal department OdF-Leipzig, Leipzig 1946, In: Klaus Mammach: Resistance 1939-1945. History of the German anti-fascist resistance movement at home and in emigration, Berlin 1987 p. 72.
  19. ↑ Landesarchiv Berlin, Rep. (STA) 118, No. 1054 In: Reuter / Hansel p. 76f.
  20. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 77.
  21. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 380.
  22. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 90.
  23. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 381.
  24. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 393.
  25. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 383.
  26. ^ Henry Leide: Nazi Criminals and State Security. The secret past politics of the GDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, p. 67.
  27. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR . Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 386.
  28. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 91ff.
  29. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 387f.
  30. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 118.
  31. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 79.
  32. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 78.
  33. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 95.
  34. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 82.
  35. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 80.
  36. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 82.
  37. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 82.
  38. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 84.
  39. ↑ a b Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 85.
  40. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 85.
  41. ↑ Landesarchiv Berlin, IV L-2/15/019, In: Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 85.
  42. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 85.
  43. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 86.
  44. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 86.
  45. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 86.
  46. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 87.
  47. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 395f.
  48. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 373.
  49. ↑ Elke Reuter, Detlef Hansel: The short life of the VVN from 1947 to 1953: The history of those persecuted by the Nazi regime in the Soviet Zone and GDR. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3929161974 , p. 392.
  50. ^ Page of the Vienna concentration camp association .