Heinrich Grüber

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Provost Heinrich Grüber, 1954 at the 7th  party convention of the CDU (East) in Weimar

Heinrich Grüber (born June 24, 1891 in Stolberg (Rhineland) , † November 29, 1975 in Berlin ) was a Protestant theologian , opponent of National Socialism and a pacifist .

Life

Heinrich Karl Ernst Grüber was the eldest son of a secondary school teacher who had been raised as a boy by a French general. Heinrich Grüber's father therefore attached great importance to the fact that his son was confronted with the French language and culture. His father suffered a serious accident at the age of 37 and was retired, whereupon money worries weighed heavily on the Grüber family. During his school days Heinrich Grüber received a prize from the Prussian Ministry of Culture for his academic achievements. He was the only Protestant student in his class. After graduating from high school in Eschweiler , he began studying philosophy, history and theology in Bonn , Berlin and Utrecht . His mother was a native of the Netherlands from Gulpen , so he was familiar with the Dutch language and culture. In 1914 he passed his first theological exam at the Berlin Cathedral Candidate Foundation . His service in the Evangelical Church of the older provinces of Prussia as a vicarious representative in a parish in Beyenburg (zu Wuppertal ), in social work in Stolberg and a scholarship in Utrecht delayed his conscription as a soldier in the First World War ; he served from January 1915 to spring 1918 as a field artilleryman . Then he completed a course to become a military pastor in Bonn. After the First World War, Grüber worked in the church's social services, including since 1926 as director of a home for poorly gifted and behavioral children and adolescents, which belonged to the diaconal Stephanus Foundation Waldhof in Templin .

He was a member of the National Club , a conservative group that also had contacts with the Stahlhelm , and after Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor, he even got into conversation as State Secretary to the Stahlhelmführer and newly appointed Reich Labor Minister Franz Seldte . Grüber had joined the NSDAP in early 1933 , but in the course of the year he turned against the now clearly recognizable National Socialist dictatorship and joined the Pastors' Emergency League , not least because the Aryan paragraph also affected Christians of Jewish origin. On February 2, 1934, the Cathedral Church Council (Parish Council of the Evangelical Parish of the Upper Parish and Cathedral Church in Berlin )  appointed Grüber pastor of the parish there , as part of its patronage rights to the Jesus Church in Kaulsdorf . The church elections ordered by Hitler against the church regulations on July 23, 1933 had brought the German Christians a majority in the parish council of Kaulsdorf, accordingly he protested against Grüber's appointment to the responsible consistory of the Mark Brandenburg . However, the consistory insisted on Grüber's appointment, since the will of the patron preceded that of the community.

The office of pastor included ex officio chairmanship of the parish council, so conflicts were inevitable. German Christian elders complained against Grüber to the consistory for his criticism of the Old Prussian regional bishop Ludwig Müller , while National Socialist churchgoers denounced him to the Gestapo for his criticism of the sterilization laws of the Nazi regime (see euthanasia and eugenics ) and his criticism of state anti-Semitism . His church services in the Jesus Church attracted attention because he preached against the personality cult around Hitler, the increasing armament of Germany and anti-Semitism.

Grüber began to build a denominational congregation in Kaulsdorf. His vocation became known to followers of the Confessing Church in other parishes of the church district Berlin Land I and from then on some went to church on Sundays in the Jesus Church. On December 22nd, 1934, he received the fourth ever issued membership card of the confessional community in Kaulsdorf - called a red card because of its color.

Grüber also encouraged the founding of further denominational congregations, e.g. B. in Friedrichsfelde on February 1, 1935. On March 3, 1935, the confessional synod was constituted with a synodal from the confessional congregations of the church district and elected Grüber as shop steward. Since the superintendent Ludwig Eiter, who was in charge of the church district, did not want to stand openly to the Confessing Church, Grüber also fulfilled the task of the district pastor of the Confessing Church as intended, if the superintendent himself did not support the Confessing Church. Since then he has been close friends with Martin Niemöller .

When Grüber was unable to attend even on Sundays, he arranged for representation by the Confessing Church. In August, for example, his colleague from Köpenick, Pastor Neumann, preached critically about the anti-Semitism of the Nazi regime, which immediately earned him a denunciation on the part of the parish council.

On the occasion of the occupation of the Rhineland , Hitler decreed new elections for the Reichstag on March 29, 1936. March 29th was Palm Sunday , the traditional day on which the confirmands were consecrated. Wilhelm Zoellner , 1935–1937 head of the Reich Church Committee and thus a representative of the ecclesiastical compromise policy towards the Nazi regime, viewed the setting of this election day as an unfriendly act against German Protestantism. Nevertheless, he was ready to compromise and asked the German Labor Front (DAF) to postpone the start of the compulsory agricultural labor service for young people by one week. But the DAF refused.

The second provisional church leadership of the nationwide Confessing Church took the view that the congregations and pastors should hold the confirmations as usual. However, since the fathers of confirmands, either as volunteers or members of the National Socialist Party as electoral workers, were assigned to carry out the elections and many thousands of relatives and godparents would travel to confirmation celebrations across Germany at the same time, the Nazi leadership feared a lower turnout. This made the confirmation on March 29th a political issue.

After all, only a few pastors dared to carry out the confirmation on March 29th, Grüber was one of them (one of 13 in Berlin). Elders then blackened Grüber again at the consistory. The head of the traditional NSDAP local group Kaulsdorf, the oldest in the eastern suburbs of Berlin, threatened Grüber to see that he was sent to the concentration camp .

In 1936 the Calvinist congregation of Dutch people living in Berlin elected Grüber as their pastor, which he remained until his arrest in 1940. In 1937 Grüber was arrested for the first time by the Gestapo. A justification from the Gestapo has not been preserved, but “illegal writings” and hectographed “circulars to the evangelical families in Kaulsdorf”, in which he spoke out against the conversion of a branch school of a nursing home into a state community school, among other things, may have given an occasion.

The Grüber office

Berlin memorial plaque on Hortensienstrasse 18 in Berlin-Lichterfelde
Memorial plaque on the house at Dorfstrasse 10, in Berlin-Kaulsdorf

Since the mid-1930s, Heinrich Grüber, in his capacity as pastor of the Dutch Protestant Christians in Berlin, had repeatedly been asked for help with the emigration. In this way, the need of Christians of Jewish origin in particular became clear to him, for whom he campaigned both in the authorities and in his own church. The official Protestant regional churches denied their members who were persecuted as Jews almost all help, even though around 80 percent of non-Aryan Christian Germans were Protestants.

But it wasn't until 1938 that the “ Pastor Grüber's Office ” - as the Gestapo initially called it - was set up. In the state recognition as an organization to promote the emigration of Germans persecuted as Jews, the office appears under the name "Aid for non-Aryan Christians". Grüber's wife Margarete (* 1899), a daughter of the former general superintendent of Neumark and Niederlausitz Ernst August Vitz , sold her inheritance, consisting of IG Farben shares , to finance office rental and work . Most of the aid workers were persecuted because of their origins.

On the night of the November pogrom from November 9th to 10th, 1938, men fled from imminent arrest to the Grübers in the parsonage in Kaulsdorf. He organized their hiding places in the arbors of the allotment garden colonies in the parish. He later reported what happened:

“In the afternoon of November 9th, I saw Jewish people being mistreated and their shops ransacked in the city. In the evening in the Kaulsdorf parsonage and also in the days and weeks to come, with the help of my family, my vicar and loyal parishioners from the Confessing Church , I tried to accommodate those hunted people who knocked at our place. Dozens of those persecuted came into the house at night: people who did not dare to stay in their apartments. We mostly hid them in the arbor colonies to the north and east of Kaulsdorf. But at that time no one found the decisive word. The people watched, some aside. "

But other less fortunate people were arrested and only released if they left Germany immediately. Therefore, obtaining visas became the central task of the Grüber office. Almost all pastors with Jewish ancestors were deported to concentration camps.

While their German Christian regional churches did not advocate the liberation of the prisoners as employers, Grüber and Bishop George Bell did so successfully. After the Grüber office was recognized by the state, Grüber received several exit visas for visits to the Netherlands and Great Britain in order to advertise the acceptance of German refugees there. Accordingly, Grüber found hardly any time for the Evangelical Church Community of Kaulsdorf.

From September 1939 the Grüber office was under the supervision of Adolf Eichmann . In a discussion about emigration, Eichmann asked: “Explain to me the reason why you stand up for these Jews. They have no Jewish relatives. You don't need to stand up for these people. Nobody will thank you! I don't understand why you are doing it! "Grüber replied:" You know the road from Jerusalem to Jericho! A Jew who had been attacked and plundered once lay on this street . A man separated from him by race and religion, a Samaritan , came and helped him. The Lord, whose commands I alone listen to, says to me: You go and do the same. "

In the fall of 1939 the persecution took on new forms. The Nazi regime had Jewish and non-Jewish Austrians of Jewish origin deported to occupied Poland. On February 13, 1940, the same fate struck 1200 Jews from the Stettin administrative district ; they were deported to Lublin . Grüber found out about this from the Wehrmacht commander in Lublin. Grüber then protested at every higher authority up to and including the Prussian Prime Minister Hermann Göring , who for the time being forbade further deportations from Prussia. The Gestapo then warned Grüber not to speak up again for deportees. The deportees were not allowed to return.

On 22./23. In October 1940 Nazi thugs deported  6500 people from Baden and the Palatinate to Gurs , France , as part of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign . With the help of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's brother-in-law Hans von Dohnanyi from the Abwehr, Grüber obtained a passport to visit the deportees at Camp de Gurs . The Gestapo arrested Grüber on December 19 before he left.

It was mainly thanks to Grüber's unwavering commitment that 1138 Jews and their spouses or descendants who had converted to Christianity could probably emigrate between 1938 and 1940 . The Gestapo ordered Grüber's deputy, Pastor Werner Sylten , to close the office, which he carried out until February 1, 1941. Many employees at the Berlin headquarters were also arrested over the next few weeks and months. As far as Grüber's employees were considered “full Jews” under the Nuremberg Laws , most of them were deported to concentration camps and murdered there in the following years .

Detention

At Heydrich's orders , Grüber was arrested on December 19, 1940 and two days later deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Adolf Eichmann testified in 1960 that the “ protective custody order ” had been issued because, despite a warning, he had campaigned for Jews as a clergyman. From 1941 to 1943 Grüber was a prisoner in the Dachau concentration camp with the number 27832. He was a block elder and interpreted for Dutch and Flemish prisoners. Margarete Grüber managed to obtain permission to visit Dachau for herself and her son Hans-Rolf in order to discuss important family matters. On December 18, 1942, they were allowed to speak to Heinrich Grüber for 30 minutes.

During a raid, Grüber was beaten by two guards until he lost all of his teeth. In Dachau he suffered several heart attacks and was released on June 23, 1943 after his brother-in-law Ernst Hellmut Vits , an industrialist, had campaigned for him. At this point in time, his former deputy Werner Sylten had already been abducted from Dachau due to illness to Hartheim Castle and murdered there. Grüber took over his pastoral position in Kaulsdorf again under strict conditions. In closed events of the Confessing Church in the parish of Berlin Land I, he reported to its supporters about his experiences in the concentration camps. On April 22, 1945, Grüber gathered intrepid people to face the invading Red Army with white flags in the hope of preventing bloodshed.

post war period

Heinrich Grüber (left, back row) 1945 in Magistrat Werner , as deputy of Peter Buchholz (right next to it)

During the mass rape by Soviet soldiers in the weeks and months after the war, Grüber helped hide women and girls from the soldiers. Grüber called on the Soviet city commandant Bersarin . After a short term of office as Kaulsdorf mayor, since 1945 part of the Soviet sector of Berlin , the provisional magistrate of the city of Berlin appointed him on May 18, 1945 as deputy head of the advisory council for church issues. This earned Grüber a bilingual Russian-German pass on May 21, which instructed all Soviet soldiers to exempt Grüber and his bicycle from everyday robbery so that he could move around the city with the collapsed traffic system. On July 9th, Grüber received an exemption from the curfew, which is otherwise valid for Germans.

Grüber reopened his office, now to help the survivors of the Shoah , the returning deportees, those in hiding who had returned to the public and the ex-discriminated persons who had been freed. Initially, the office was located in the Bethanien Deaconess Hospital in Berlin-Kreuzberg . Otto Dibelius , who had provisionally taken over the church leadership in the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union and its ecclesiastical province of Mark Brandenburg , appointed Grüber on July 15, 1945 as provost in a leading position in the new church organs. On August 8th, Dibelius Grüber introduced him as provost to St. Marien and St. Nikolai in a solemn ceremony in the Evangelical Church of St. Mary, which had hardly been cleared of any traces of the war . Both parishes were in what was then the eastern sector. This ended Grüber's service as pastor in Kaulsdorf. He was one of the founding members of the CDU . In 1948 he received an honorary doctorate from Humboldt University .

In 1949, Grüber's office, which was now officially called the Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Racially Persecuted , found suitable rooms at Waltraudstrasse 4a in Zehlendorf , West Berlin . The Grübers moved to Dahlem in the same year . Since then, Grüber has been commuting to work in the morning at the parish hall of the Marienkirche in Bischofstrasse.

The Heinrich-Grüber-Haus retirement home opened in the early 1950s, initially with 16 senior citizens who were persecuted. In 1957, Grüber converted the aid center into a foundation, which has since expanded its structural facilities and home offers in order to be able to meet the increasing need for dormitory places, welfare and care for the often impoverished formerly persecuted people.

Evangelical Marienkirche (left) and the Propst-Grüber-Haus (right), Grüber's seat as general representative of the EKD for the GDR government.

With his contacts to Communist ex-prisoners from Dachau , Grüber was able to  partially mitigate the increasingly anti-church repression in the early years - for example against the Young Community - as General Plenipotentiary of the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) in the government of the GDR . Grüber acted as general representative in the building, which has been known as the Propst-Grüber-Haus since 1956, at Bischofstrasse 6–8 (also Marienkirchhof 7–8). When state church tax collection was abolished in the GDR in 1956, the provost used an article for the CDU daily newspaper Neue Zeit to point out that church taxes were needed and complained about the “difficulties” in “collecting” them.

Due to a political sermon in 1953, Grüber attracted negative attention, so that after the death of the first head of the GDR CDU Otto Nuschke in 1957, his political position was once again endangered before the GDR government finally dropped him in May 1958.

After the Wall was built in 1961, the GDR rulers did not allow Grüber to enter the country, so that he could no longer fulfill his role as provost. In the west of Berlin and on his numerous travels he continued to campaign for Christian-Jewish understanding. He preached against the arms race and the Cold War and its nuclear threat. Grüber was a founding member and board member of the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation in Berlin e. V. At the Eichmann trial in 1961, he was the only non-Jew to testify publicly against the accused. He was interested in the work of the Christian Peace Conference and was temporarily a member when he took part in the Second All-Christian Peace Assembly in Prague in 1964  . In 1965 he was awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal . In 1966 he was appointed honorary president of the German-Israeli Society . In 1965, the Evangelical Aid Center for formerly racially persecuted people opened a hospital and nursing home called Margarete-Grüber-Haus on its Zehlendorf site .

As Joseph Wulf mid-1960s developed the idea at the historic site of the Wannsee Conference , the former guest and convalescent home of the SS ( Am Grossen Wannsee no. 56-58), an international documentation and research facility for genocide of the Jews to build and won a number of national and international supporters for this project, Grüber was one of the spokesmen of those who strictly opposed such a project. Grüber made use of anti-Semitic prejudices. For example, he accused Wulf , who was soliciting donations for his project, with "business acumen" and conveyed the cliché that the immigration of Galician Jews - Wulf had grown up in Krakow - had contributed to the growth of anti-Semitism in Germany at the time, and was therefore jointly responsible for Jews.

tomb

In 1968, Grüber published his memoir, Memoirs from Seven Decades. On May 8, 1970, on the 25th anniversary of the German surrender, he was given honorary citizenship of Berlin . He died of heart failure in Berlin in 1975 and was buried in a grave of honor for the city of Berlin in the Evangelical Cemetery of the Domkirchengemeinde in Müllerstrasse in Berlin. His wife Margarete continued to run the foundation until her death on December 17, 1986.

Interpretations

According to his son Hartmut Grüber, it was only the experiences in the concentration camp and July 20, 1944 that finally moved his father's thinking away from the conception of the 'national' that was traditional in his circles. Heinrich Grüber swore the oath of allegiance to the Führer on August 12, 1938 and conformed by signing official letters with the greeting "Heil Hitler". Dieter Winkler sees this as tactical concessions. Compared to a dictatorship, you can only achieve something if you show its courtesy, but not through complete refusal.

Anti-Semitic passages in an interview that Grüber gave to a Dutch press office in early 1939 remain disconcerting: “Most of the Jews who lived in Germany were 'rootless'. They mostly did not do productive work, but they did 'business'. […] It was these Jews who ruled Germany from 1919 to 1932 in financial, economic, political, cultural and journalistic terms. This was indeed a Jewish predominance. The reaction to this was anti-Semitism ... ”These and other statements in the interview cast“ a shadow on the human commitment ”Grübers, who later did not comment on these words, but confessed after 1945 that he was not free from guilt for the Holocaust . Dieter Winkler offers several interpretations, but ultimately suggests as the most likely explanation that Grüber wanted to secure his actions against the Gestapo and therefore spoke to them. At the same time, in an interview that Richard L. Rubenstein conducted with Grüber in 1961, it becomes apparent that Grüber continued to see anti-Semitism as a reaction to the behavior of Jews. According to Grüber, the fight against anti-Semitism is made more difficult by the fact that Jews are already having a strong influence in banks and the press and running brothels and nightclubs. It becomes clear here that for Judaism, understood by Grüber as the “chosen people”, special rules of conduct should apply according to the “divine order”.

Honors

Bust of Heinrich Grübers at the place named after him in Oranienburg
Bust for Heinrich Grüber on the place named after him in Berlin-Kaulsdorf
  • July 16, 1948 - 1st Dr. hc from the Theological Faculty of Humboldt University
  • approx. 1950 - Heinrich-Grüber-Haus retirement home of the "Evangelical Aid Center for Formerly Racially Persecuted", replaced in 1959 by a new building
  • May 12, 1956 - 1st Dr. hc from the Comenius Faculty of the University of Prague
  • June 24, 1956 - Bishop Otto Dibelius renamed the parish hall of the Protestant parish of St. Marien in Bischofstrasse 6–8 in Propst-Grüber-Haus . In the early 1960s it was demolished in the course of the demolition of almost all of the remaining pre-war buildings in the Marienviertel .
  • Oct. 18, 1961 - Foundation of the Heinrich-Grüber-Forest near Jerusalem
  • 1962 - Dr. hc of the Faculty of Theology at Wagner Lutheran College on Staten Island, New York City
  • Jul. 28, 1962 - Dr. hc of the Brethren Theological Church Faculty in Chicago
  • Oct.10, 1962 - Dr. hc of Human Letters from the Hebrew Union College , New York City
  • 1963 - Federal Cross of Merit, 1st class
  • July 28, 1964 - Recognition Griiber as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem
  • Jun. 21, 1966 - Juliana von Oranien-Nassau , Queen of the Netherlands, appointed Grüber as Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau
  • December 9, 1965 - Awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal
  • 1966 - Honorary President of the German-Israeli Society
  • 01, 1967 - Albert Schweitzer Medal of the International Albert Schweitzer Foundation in Amsterdam
  • 1968 - Silver Youth Aliyah Medal from the Jewish Agency for Israel
  • 1970 - Luther Medal of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg
  • May 8, 1970 - Honorary Citizenship of the City of Berlin (West)
  • 1971 - Golden Cross of the Diaconal Work
  • March 31, 1971 - Decoration as "Defender of Freedom", by the US Head Quarters in Berlin (West)
  • 1975 - Grave of honor in the cemetery of the Evangelical Congregation of the Oberpfarr- und Domkirche zu Berlin in Müllerstrasse.
  • June 24, 1991 - Hönower Strasse was renamed Heinrich-Grüber-Strasse in Berlin-Kaulsdorf
  • Since December 22nd 1997 there is a memorial plaque on the surrounding wall of the Kaulsdorf Jesus Church.
  • 2007 - Renaming of the secondary school in Liester (Stolberg) to Propst-Grüber-Schule
  • On May 21, 2008, a newly designed square in his place of work in Berlin-Kaulsdorf received his name.

Publications

  • Not next to each other - together! (with Otto Nuschke ), Verlag Deutscher Friedensrat, Berlin 1955.
  • Memories from seven decades . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne / Berlin 1968.

literature

- chronological -

  • Günter Wirth: Heinrich Grüber - Dona nobis pacem! Save life Union Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-372-00088-9 .
  • Jürgen Stein: Grüber, Heinrich , in: Hugo Maier (Ed.): Who is who of social work . Freiburg: Lambertus, 1998 ISBN 3-7841-1036-3 , p. 215f.
  • Ulrich Werner Grimm : The Berlin Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation. History (s) in the mirror of their sources. In: Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation in Berlin e. V. (Ed.): In conversation. 50 years of the Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation in Berlin V. A festschrift, conception / editing: Ulrich Werner Grimm. Berlin 1999.
  • Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people. Evangelical Aid Service for People Who Had Been Persecuted and Hellersdorf District Office (publisher), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988.
  • Michael Kreutzer, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Walter Sylten: Reminder and obligation. In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (Eds.): 'Pastor Grüber's Office' Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today. On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Agency for formerly racially persecuted people. Berlin 1988, pp. 24-29
  • Hartmut Ludwig: The 'Office Pastor Grüber' 1938–1940. In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (eds.): 'Pfarrer Grüber's office'. Evangelical aid center for formerly racially persecuted people. History and work today. On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Office for formerly Victims of Race, Berlin 1988, pp. 1–23 (based on: Connecting the victims under the wheel. History and development, work and collaboration of the "Office Pastor Grüber". Diss. Humboldt University , Berlin 1988 , Manuscript.)
    • dsb .: On the side of the disenfranchised and weak. On the history of the 'Office Pastor Grüber' from 1938 to 1940 and the Ev. Help center for people who were persecuted after 1945. Logos, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8325-2126-4 . With documents.
    • dsb. and Eberhard Röhm in connection with Jörg Thierfelder (Ed.): Baptized Evangelically - persecuted as "Jews". Theologians of Jewish origin during the National Socialist era. A memorial book. Calwer, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 3-7668-4299-4
  • Jörg Hildebrandt (Ed.): Authorized to build bridges. Heinrich Grüber. Jew friend and rubble prover. Memories, sermons, reports, letters. Berlin 1990
  • Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber and the Kaulsdorfer. In: Eva Voßberg (Ed.): Heinrich Grüber and the consequences: Contributions to the symposium on June 25, 1991 in the Jesus Church in Berlin-Kaulsdorf. Berlin-Hellersdorf district chronicle, Berlin 1992, ( Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32.
  • Sigurd Rink : The agent. Probst Grüber and the government in the GDR. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-17-014012-4 .
  • Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber. Protesting Christian. Berlin-Kaulsdorf 1934-1945. Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-89468-088-1 .
  • Hans Werner Sandvoss: Resistance in Friedrichshain and Lichtenberg. Edited by the German Resistance Memorial Center . Berlin 1998, pp. 241-251.
  • Günter Wirth: Testimony from the other Germany . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 4, 1999, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 64–70 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  • Israel Gutman et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of the Righteous Among the Nations: Germans and Austrians. Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-900-7 , pp. 128-131, file 0075 [Raschût ha-Zîkkarôn la-Scho'a we-la-Gvûrah ( Hebrew רשות הזכרון לשואה ולגבורה), Jerusalem, Ger. Uwe Hager (transl.)]
  • Ehrhart Neubert:  Grüber, Heinrich . In: Who was who in the GDR? 5th edition. Volume 1. Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-561-4 .
  • Beate Barwich (Ed.): Veni creator spiritus. Heinrich Grüber - Righteous Among the Nations. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2014, ISBN 978-3-374-03903-6 .

Web links

Commons : Heinrich Grüber  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ^ Israel Gutman et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of the Righteous Among the Nations: Germans and Austrians. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, p. 128.
  2. ^ Certificate of appointment for Heinrich Grüber , issued by the Cathedral Church Council on February 7, 1934, printed in: Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 6.
  3. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 6.
  4. ↑ Klaus Scholder, Gerhard Besier: The churches and the Third Reich . Propylaea a. a., Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1977–2001, Volume 3: Gerhard Besier: Divisions and defensive battles 1934–1937 . 2001, ISBN 3-549-07149-3 , footnote 378 on p. 1152.
  5. ↑ Klaus Scholder, Gerhard Besier: The churches and the Third Reich . Propylaea a. a., Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1977–2001, Volume 3: Gerhard Besier: Splits and Defensive Battles 1934–1937 , 2001, ISBN 3-549-07149-3 , p. 865 and footnote 379 on p. 1152. ISBN 3-549-07149-3 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber and the Kaulsdorfer . In: Eva Voßberg (Ed.): Heinrich Grüber and the consequences: Contributions to the symposium on June 25, 1991 in the Jesus Church in Berlin-Kaulsdorf . Berlin-Hellersdorf district chronicle, Berlin 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 31.
  7. ↑ The parishes of Ahrensfelde (Brandenburg), Biesdorf (Berlin), Blumberg (Brandenburg), Fredersdorf (Brandenburg), Friedrichsfelde (Berlin) , Heinersdorf (Berlin), Hohenschönhausen (Berlin) , Karlshorst (Berlin) , Klein-Schönebeck ( Brandenburg), Lichtenberg (Berlin) , Mahlsdorf (Berlin), Marzahn (Berlin) , Neuenhagen (Brandenburg), Petershagen (Brandenburg) and Weißensee (Berlin) . Up until then they had no developed denominational communities. Gundula Tietsch: Berlin-Friedrichsfelde . In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss and Claus Wagener (eds.): Church battle in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 city stories . Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 (Studies on Church and Judaism; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 342.
  8. ^ Red card Heinrich Grübers . Printed in: Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Service for People Who Had Been Persecuted and Hellersdorf District Office (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 9.
  9. ↑ Gundula Tietsch: Berlin-Friedrichsfelde . In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss and Claus Wagener (eds.): Church battle in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 city stories . Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 (Studies on Church and Judaism; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 341.
  10. ↑ Gundula Tietsch: Berlin-Friedrichsfelde . In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss and Claus Wagener (eds.): Church battle in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 city stories . Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 (Studies on Church and Judaism; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 345.
  11. ↑ Klaus Scholder, Gerhard Besier: The churches and the Third Reich . Propylaea a. a., Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1977–2001, Volume 3: Gerhard Besier: Divisions and Defensive Battles 1934–1937 , 2001, ISBN 3-549-07149-3 , p. 438 and footnote 58 on p. 1035.
  12. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber and the Kaulsdorfer . In: Eva Voßberg (Ed.): Heinrich Grüber and the consequences: Contributions to the symposium on June 25, 1991 in the Jesus Church in Berlin-Kaulsdorf . Berlin-Hellersdorf district chronicle, Berlin 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 30.
  13. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 2.
  14. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber - Protesting Christ. Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468-088-1 , p. 81, p. 89
  15. ↑ Ursula Büttner : Forsaken by the Church: The German Protestants and the persecution of Jews and Christians of Jewish origin in the »Third Reich« . In: Ursula Büttner, Martin Greschat (Hrsg.): The abandoned children of the church: Dealing with Christians of Jewish origin in the »Third Reich« . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, ISBN 3-525-01620-4 , pp. 15–69, here footnote 9 on pp. 20f and Hartmut Ludwig: Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940 . In: ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Agency for People who were previously racially persecuted, Evangelical Aid Agency for People who were once racially persecuted, Berlin 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 8.
  16. ^ Certificate from the Reich Office for Emigration (December 29, 1938), printed in: Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 11.
  17. ^ Theodor Langenbruch: Ernst Hellmut Vits , in: Wuppertaler Biographien, 9th episode, Wuppertal 1970, p. 93f
  18. ↑ Hartmut Ludwig: The ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ 1938–1940 . In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (eds.): ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Persecuted, Berlin 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 2.
  19. ^ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Lichtenberg and Friedrichshain , p. 244
  20. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 12.
  21. ↑ Hartmut Ludwig: The ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ 1938–1940 . In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (eds.): ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Persecuted, Berlin 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 15.
  22. ↑ Based on a quote from Grüber's testimony in the Eichmann trial on May 14, 1961, here after Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 26.
  23. ↑ a b Hartmut Ludwig: The ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ 1938–1940 . In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (eds.): ›Pastor Grüber's Office‹ Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Persecuted, Berlin 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 21.
  24. ↑ Israel Gutman , Daniel Fraenkel, Sara Bender and Jacob Borut (ed.): Lexicon of the Righteous Among the Nations: Germans and Austrians [Raschût ha-Zîkkarôn la-Scho'a we-la-Gvûrah ( Hebrew רשות הזכרון לשואה ולגבורה), Jerusalem: Yad wa-Shem ; German], Uwe Hager (ex.)., Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-900-7 , article: Heinrich Grüber, p. 128 ff., here p. 130.
  25. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber… , p. 114 - Estimates from 2000 exaggerated
  26. ^ Adolf Eichmann: The Eichmann Protocol: Tape recordings of the Israeli interrogators . Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-88680-036-9 , p. 98
  27. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Persecuted and Hellersdorf District Office (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 15.
  28. ↑ Gundula Tietsch: Berlin-Friedrichsfelde . In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss and Claus Wagener (eds.): Church battle in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 city stories . Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 (Studies on Church and Judaism; Volume 18), pp. 350–352, here p. 351.
  29. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber and the Kaulsdorfer . In: Eva Voßberg (Ed.): Heinrich Grüber and the consequences: Contributions to the symposium on June 25, 1991 in the Jesus Church in Berlin-Kaulsdorf . Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, Berlin 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 32.
  30. ^ A b Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 16.
  31. ↑ Michael Kreutzer, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Walter Sylten: Warning and obligation . In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (Eds.): 'Pastor Grüber's Office' Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Office for People Who Had Been Persecuted, Berlin 1988, pp. 24–29, here p. 26.
  32. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 18.
  33. ^ A b Michael Kreutzer, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Walter Sylten: Reminder and obligation . In: Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl, Michael Kreutzer (Eds.): 'Pastor Grüber's Office' Evangelical aid center for those who were previously racially persecuted. History and work today . On behalf of the Evangelical Aid Agency for People Who Had Been Racially Persecuted, Evangelical Aid Agency for People who were previously racially persecuted, Berlin 1988, p. 24–29, here p. 27.
  34. ^ Provost D. Grüber: Obligation to man. In: Neue Zeit, October 31, 1956, p. 3
  35. ^ Peter Mehnert: Heinrich Grüber. His service to people . Evangelical Aid Agency for Former Racially Persecuted People and District Office Hellersdorf (Ed.), Berlin-Hellersdorf District Chronicle, Berlin 1988, p. 23.
  36. ↑ On this in detail Gerd Kühling: School camp or research facility? The dispute over a documentation center in the house of the Wannsee Conference (1966/67). In: Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History. Online edition, 5 (2008) H. 2.
  37. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber ... p. 129
  38. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber ... p. 104, 107, 140
  39. ↑ Dieter Winkler: Heinrich Grüber ... S. 118/119
  40. ^ Richard L. Rubenstein: The Dean and the Chosen People . In: After Auschwitz: History, Theology and Contemporary Judaism . 2nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1992, pp. 3–13 (English, valleybeitmidrash.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on May 11, 2020]).
  41. ^ Probst Grüber: In the land of my misery . In: Der Spiegel . No. 26 , 1956, pp. 18–25 ( online - cover story, here p. 19).
  42. ^ Israel Gutman et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of the Righteous Among the Nations: Germans and Austrians. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, p. 130.
  43. ^ Heinrich-Grüber-Strasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  44. ↑ berlin.de
personal data
SURNAME Grüber, Heinrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Protestant theologian, opponent of the Nazi regime, MdV and peace activist
DATE OF BIRTH June 24, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH Stolberg (Rhineland)
DATE OF DEATH November 29, 1975
Place of death Berlin