Opok

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Opok is a name for certain soils in the south and east of Styria , Austria .

This term is commonly used for solidified, not very coarse-grained sedimentary rocks. These rocks can be brown, but also gray to blue in color. Usually it is marl , clay ( illite ) and silt . Opok soils in Eastern Styria were also considered to be dust soils with a high proportion of illite.

marl

The word comes from colloquial language , it is masculine and is spelled differently, e.g. B. in the variants opock, aubock, onpock, oupok, appock, obouk, opak, opach etc.

use

Viticulture

In viticulture in the districts of Deutschlandsberg and Leibnitz in western and southern Styria , “Opok” is mainly used for marl soils from vineyards . In eastern and western Styria, soils are called Opok, which consist of clay and silt stones that were created diagenetically and which, because of their strength ( cohesion ), make it difficult for the roots of the vines to penetrate. But wines themselves are also referred to by this name. The marl is one of the four important soils in the wine-growing areas of this area: clay marl, shell limestone, sand / gravel and slate. If they are able to release the water stored in them (because of a location on a slope, etc.), it is rather warm (heat-storing) soils that offer the grapes optimal ripening conditions. Otherwise the soil (opok made of dammed earth) is described as slowly warming up, with poor water flow and poor ventilation. Opok as the soil of a vineyard can be difficult to work on, depending on what layers are present and where the impermeable subsoil begins.

The grape varieties Blauer Wildbacher ( Schilcher ), (Gelber) Muskateller , Welschriesling , Sauvignon Blanc , Morillon , Traminer and Pinot Blanc are primarily cultivated in vineyards on such soils .

Construction

In construction, Opok is used as a name for a rock similar to Schlier , but there are no fixed limits for the use of this term and a softer soil can also be called Opok.

forestry

In forestry, opok is used for a wet forest floor, a pseudogley made of stalk .

At first glance, marl can give the impression of a loose rock layer.

Water management

In water management, Opok can form a sliding layer after heavy rainfall when excess pore water pressure is created and the overlying soil, which is usually made up of layers of clay, silt and sand, is oversaturated. This can lead to landslides.

Emergence

The word opok is not a precisely defined geological or soil science term. It is used in everyday life for various soils and soil-forming rocks (bedrock) in the area. These rocks are mainly marls . This is a coarse-grained ("fine clastic ") sedimentary rock that can look like gravel , but is stronger.

Opok refers to rocks that are not always easy to distinguish from one another. These rocks together form the filling of the West Styrian Basin, they are " Florian layers ", " Eckwirt gravel ", " Kreuzberg gravel ", " Pölser marl", " Arnfelser conglomerate ", " Leutschacher Schlier ", " Gamlitzer layers" etc. The components des Opok superimpose one another in layers or complement one another. The Pöls marl is called the equivalent of the portion of the Florianer Tegel from the Torton .

Conglomerate mainly consists of rounded components (gravel, rubble)

The rocks are remnants of former sea cover and sea beaches around 10 ± 5 million years ago from the Miocene and subsequent deposits of river gravel . Your area lies on the edge of the Styrian Basin . This basin was part of a sea, the Paratethys . In the course of the unfolding of the Alps, this sea receded ever further to the east ( regression ). Its area was filled in with marine sediments and river deposits. In its west was the Florian Bay, in which mainly sandy and clayey rocks were deposited. This sea had formed together with the Mediterranean from a previous sea, the Tethys . It was later split off and took its own development.

Over 200 species of fossils have been identified in this area . Whether fossils are actually found in an opok depends on the type of rock it consists of. The Pöls marl from the phase of sea cover, in which the water level in the Pöls area was only between 10 and 20 meters high, is particularly considered to be rich in fossils .

The rocks come from Baden , they also have parts from the approx. 9 million year old Torton and (near Gamlitz, Leutschach, Arnfels) from the period from Ottnang to Karpat 18-16 million years ago .

In contrast to loose gravel, marl can also form relatively steep slopes.

Origin of the word

Several views are held as to the origin of the word. The term is also used in other words and word combinations, such as B. in

  • Opockbrunn: a well reaching through the Opok layers (bad drinking water, because of bad water flow).
  • opoque: marly.
  • Opockfels: Marl ( Central and Lower Styrian )

In linguistics , the word opok is traced back to a Slavic word. Opock (en) means “marl soil” in Slovenian.

In everyday language, opok is derived from being tackled, packed together . Opok is also known as zsammpock (from packed together, precisely because of its strength compared to gravel). With reference to the consonance with these words, it is argued that the word is German (and perhaps also returned to the German language after a "detour" via Slavic as a Slovene loan word). According to this derivation, “opok” in Slavic would be a (very old) loan word from German . Multiple adoptions of terms are possible, see the loan word article . There is a study of such developments in the sequence German-Slovenian-German, but it is controversial in the scientific discussion in Slavic and German studies . An examination of these processes is still referred to as a "task" in the literature.

See also

credentials

  1. ↑ technical description ( memento of the original from February 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from building geology . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geo-logic.at
  2. ^ Walter J. Schmidt: Investigation of the raw clay fraction of Styrian Opok soils. In: Joanneum, Mineralogical Bulletin. Edited by the Department of Mineralogy at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz. Leykam publishing house. Born in 1960, issue 1, pp. 1–7.
  3. ^ Claus Jürgen Hutterer, Walter Kainz, Eduard Walcher †: West Styrian Dictionary. Grammar and vocabulary according to subject groups. In the series: Writings on the German language in Austria. Volume 13/14. Edited by Peter Wiesinger. Böhlau publishing house. Vienna-Cologne-Graz 1987, ISBN 3-205-07321-5 . Pp. 298 and 305.
  4. ↑ a b c Wine from Austria ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Edition 04/2006: Diversity under the Klapotetz . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weinhabenesterreich.at
  5. ↑ s'Rebenblattl. Independent and non-partisan information sheet from the communities Leutschach - Eichberg-Trautenburg - Glanz an der Weinstrasse - Schloßberg . Official notices. No. 3/2006. P. 15.
  6. ↑ Alois Bernhart, Werner Luttenberger: Wine and soil. The influence of the soil on the variety of flavors in Styrian wines. Leopold Stocker Verlag, Graz 2003. ISBN 3-7020-1011-4 . P. 42 (name), p. 47 (cohesion).
  7. ↑ Opok ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 35 kB) as a wine, as an example for several wineries in the area. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weingutmuster.com
  8. ^ A b Helmut Redl, Walter Ruckenbauer, Hans Traxler: Viticulture today. Handbook for advice, training and practice. 3. Edition. Leopold Stocker Verlag , Graz-Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-7020-0725-3 . Pp. 250-251.
  9. ^ Anton Pech, Erich Würger: Foundations. Building constructions Volume 3. Springer Verlag. Vienna-New York 2004, ISBN 3-211-21497-6 . Subsoil section. P. 8.
  10. ↑ Walter Kilian, Ferdinand Müller, Franz Starlinger: The forest growth areas of Austria. A natural area structure according to forest ecological aspects. Federal Forest Research Institute, Forest Research Center (Institute for Forest Ecology and Silviculture). Vienna 1994. Reports of the Federal Forest Research Institute FBVA No. 82/1994 (PDF file; 779 kB). ISSN  0374-9037 . P. 52.
  11. ^ Water Information System of the State of Styria (WIS): Causes of landslides. Stabilization of slippery slopes, slippery slope protection.
  12. ↑ a b Helmut W. Flügel, F. Neubauer: Geology of the Austrian federal states in brief individual representations. Styria. Geological map of Styria 1: 200,000 with explanations. Federal Geological Institute, "Federal State Series". Vienna 1984, ISBN 3-900312-12-5 , pp. 21-23.
  13. ↑ a b c Andrea Brunnsteiner: revision of the "Florian layers" in the area between Kainach and Laßnitz . P. 7. Diploma thesis for obtaining the Magistrate degree at the natural science faculty of the Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz . Institute of Geology and Paleontology. September 1997. University publication, no publisher, no ISBN.
  14. ↑ Hartmut Hiden: Geology of the settlement area. S. 17. In: Helmut ‑ Theobald Müller (ed.), Gernot Peter Obersteiner (overall scientific management): History and topography of the Deutschlandsberg district . Graz-Deutschlandsberg 2005, ISBN 3-901938-15-X . Styrian Provincial Archives and District Authority Deutschlandsberg 2005. In the series: Great historical regional studies of Styria. Founded by Fritz Posch †. Volume 3. First part, general part.
  15. ↑ Fossil search in Pöls: When Pöls was a beautiful sandy beach. Article from the "ZP (Zwaring-Pöls) -Magazin" Winter 2002/2003 edition.
  16. ↑ Examples in the writing variant Opock after: Theodor Unger: Steirischer Wortschatz as a supplement to Schmeller's Bavarian dictionary . Edited for print and edited. by Ferdinand Khull. Graz 1903. Leuschner and Lubensky's university bookstore. P. 481.
  17. ↑ a b Manfred Trummer: Slawische Steiermark = Slightly expanded version of the lecture of the same name at the symposium “To be foreign - stay together. The Slovene Ethnic Group in Austria ”as part of the“ Slovene Days ”at the Karl-Franzens University in Graz, 25. – 28. March 1996. From: Christian Stenner (Ed.): Slovenian Styria. Displaced minority in Austria's southeast. Series of publications on the customer of Southeast Europe II / 23. Published by the Institute for History of the University of Graz, Department of Southeast European History, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Karl Kaser. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1997, pp. 15–34. to the text.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISBN 3-205-98690-3 . See also in larger dictionaries Slovenian opoka , Polish opok .@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www-gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at  
  18. ↑ Message from residents of the area and from the building trade by Mr. Karl Moser 1982. The stone was not popular in earlier times for manual construction work because - in contrast to gravel and clay - it was difficult to dig, but not yet strong enough to be drilled or to be blown up.
  19. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer : The German loan words in the Slovene vernacular. Laibach 1944. Publications of the Institute for Carinthian Regional Research, Volume 1. Editor-in-Chief Dr. Karl Dinklage.
  20. ^ Helmut W. Schaller: Slavonic Philology. In: Frank-Rutger Hausmann : The role of the humanities in the third Reich, 1933-1945. Writings of the Historical College. Kolloquien 53. Verlag Oldenbourg 2002, ISBN 3-486-56639-3 , pp. 265–280 (on the specific work of Kranzmayer: p. 276 with the words “… ideologically colored… overemphasizes the German influence on Slovenian…”).
    Peter Wiesinger, Daniel Steinbach: 150 years of German studies in Vienna. Extra-university early German studies and university German studies. Edition Praesens. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7069-0104-8 .
    Franz Krahberger: German studies - a biased science . A meeting u. a. with the words "... in 1944 his [Kranz Mayers] appeared relevant study" The German loanwords in Slovenian vernacular "within the meaning of the National Socialist Zeitgeist out came the importance of German influence in foreign territory and an independent Slovenian culture questioned." .