Orange-red gray-stalked deafbling

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Orange-red gray-stalked deafbling
2008-08-26 Russula decolorans Fr 90606.jpg

Orange-red gray-stalked deafblings ( Russula decolorans )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Orange-red gray-stalked deafbling
Scientific name
Russula decolorans
( Fr  .: Fr. ) Fr.

The orange-red gray-stalked deafblings ( Russula decolorans ) is a fungus from the family of the deafblings relatives . The Täubling is one of the most distinctive species in montane pine or spruce forests. The heavily graying flesh, the orange-red hat and the butter-yellow, attached lamellae are three characteristics with which the deaf can be determined almost reliably.

features

View of the underside of the hat of the orange-red gray-stalked blubber ( Russula decolorans ) with the lamellae

Macroscopic features

The 4 to 12 cm large hat varies in color from orange to brick red, with age it fades to yellow. The edge of the hat is only briefly grooved with age. The surface of the hat is a bit greasy when wet, otherwise it is matt and dry.

The extremely brittle lamellae are yellowish-whitish when young, very thin and are crowded. They turn buttery yellow until they are ripe and later can turn gray in places. The spore powder is pale ocher and amyloid .

The stalk is whitish, later gray, and often has a longitudinally wrinkled surface. The flesh is very hard and white when young, but with age it becomes gray from the base of the handle and becomes dark gray-blackish. The stem base is lightly rooted. As with almost all deaf dogs, the stem breaks apart easily. The break point is never fibrous or smooth. The reason for this are spherical cells ( spherocytes ) that are scattered in nests in the meat.

The meat has no smell to speak of, but a taste test reveals that it has a mild taste. The meat of the hat turns gray-pink with iron sulfate . It also reacts quickly and intensely blue-green with guaiac , while phenol discolors the meat brown.

Microscopic features

The elliptical spores measure 8.5–12 × 7–9 µm and are covered with more or less isolated, coarse spines that can be up to 1.5 µm high. The spiny warts are connected with each other in places by fine lines. As is customary for the deafblings, the spores have no germ pore .

The basidia are club-shaped and 50–60 µm long and 13–17 µm wide. They each wear four sterigms , each with a basidiospore . The 65–100 µm long and 11–12 µm wide cheilocystids - that is, the cystids on the lamellar edge - are spindle-shaped. At the top they are only partially appended, that is, they have a small process or appendix. The 70–105 µm long and 7–16 µm wide pleurocystids look similar, but are mostly appendiculated. All cystides are numerous and turn gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde .

The cap skin consists of cylindrical, mostly wavy and branched, 2–4 µm wide hyphae ("hairs"), which are one to two times septate - that is, divided by transverse walls. They are usually somewhat tapered at the top. Between the hair-like hyphae cells one finds more or less clubbed, 5–9 µm wide pileocystidia . These are septated once or twice. The first septum is usually found in the upper third. The Pileocystiden also turn gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde.

Species delimitation

The graying flesh usually distinguishes the orange-red greyish-stemmed deafblings well from other equally colored deafblings. Only young fruiting bodies that are not yet gray in color can sometimes be confused with the apple pigeon , especially if the stalk is exceptionally not tinged with pink. Both pigeons occur in the same locations, on acidic, moist soils in montane coniferous forests or in raised bogs, which makes confusion likely.

It is even more difficult to distinguish between the orange-red gray-stalked blubber and a heavily bleached wine-red gray-stalked blubber ( R. vinosa ). The two species can easily be distinguished microscopically, however, since the wine-red greyish-stemmed deafblings have no pileocystids in their cap skin.

Heavily blown specimens could possibly be confused with the yellow gray-stalked Täubling ( R. claroflava ), which mostly occurs in bogs under birch trees.

ecology

The preferred habitat of the orange-red greyish-stemmed pigeon is coniferous forests and raised bogs. There its fruiting bodies appear from July to October. As a mycorrhizal fungus, it lives in symbiosis with conifers, especially with the pine, at least in Germany it is more associated with Pinus species in the flat and hilly areas and more with Picea in the mountains . As a coniferous forest species that strictly avoids lime, it likes to grow on acidic soils between heather and prefers moist to wet, base, nutrient and nitrogen-poor soils .

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the orange-red gray-stalked pavilion.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The orange-red greyscale deafblings occurs in the temperate and boreal regions of Europe and North Asia and North America (USA, Canada). There are also reports of finds from North Africa (Morocco). It occurs mainly in northern regions, so it is widespread in Scandinavia , the Baltic States and the northern Russian taiga , in Great Britain and Central Europe it is moderately widespread, in Western Europe it is rare. In the south of its distribution area (southern Central Europe and Southern Europe) it is increasingly becoming a montane and high-montane species. In Germany it is common in places, in Switzerland is medium frequent . Although it has been found throughout Switzerland, most of the finds come from the Alpine region . In the Mittelland , between Lake Geneva and Lake Constance , only a few finds were made, but very many on mountain ranges over 1,000 meters high - such as on the Harder.

    In Germany it is widespread from the coast to the plains on suitable soils. In the lowlands it is rare, at least in West Germany, only in the pine forests only in the low mountain ranges it is somewhat more common, for example in the pine forests of the Buntsandstein-Odenwald. The Täubling is also widespread in Switzerland and occurs mainly in the hills and mountains, in certain years it can be quite common.

    Systematics

    Inquiring systematics

    Bon and Romagnesi put the orange-red gray-stalked deafling in the subsection (section) Decolorantinae . The representatives of the sub-section Decolorantinae are characterized by the fact that they taste mild, their flesh is gray or blackened and their cap skin contains pileocystids, but no primordial hyphae .

    Varieties

    variety author description
    R. decolorans var. Albida (1904) Blytt The variety has a whitish hat, otherwise all characteristics are pronounced as in the type. The var. Albida occurs in forests in Scandinavia, France and the Baltic States.
    R. rosea var. Constans ( Britzelm. ) Singer The hat is yellow-brown to brownish-yellow. The variety occurs in moors. The fruiting bodies appear between August and September.

    meaning

    The orange-red gray-stalked blubber is one of the better edible mushrooms and is aromatic and firm to the bite. In Germany, the species is classified in the G3 risk group on the Red List and is in decline. The main causes of their decline are forest soil fertilization as well as nutrient inputs and drainage measures. In Switzerland, it is currently listed under "Low Concern" - not endangered - by the Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape (WSL), but more detailed investigations have not yet been carried out.

    literature

    swell

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula decolorans. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed May 15, 2011 .
    2. ↑ a b c d Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 158.
    3. ^ A b Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . 3. Edition. tape 112 . Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-443-59056-X , p. 64 .
    4. ^ Observado.org - Russula decolorans. Retrieved June 10, 2012 (English, Täubling rare).
    5. ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37-59 .
    6. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online (PDF; 592 kB) [accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula decolorans. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014 ; Retrieved August 18, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    8. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula decolorans. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 6, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Russula decolorans in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    10. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula decolorans. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 2, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    11. ↑ Russula decolorans. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 65 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved November 11, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    12. ^ A b Rolf Singer: Monograph of the genus Russula . In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape 49 , 1932, pp. 298 ( online ).
    13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland, input: Russula decolorans ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch

    Web links

    Commons : Orange-red gray-stalked deafblings ( Russula decolorans )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files