Easter lily
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Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum ) |
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The Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum ), also known as Bermuda lily after its former main cultivation area , is a species from the genus of lilies ( Lilium ) in the Leucolirion section . The Easter lily is the only type of lily that is of major economic importance.
description
The Easter lily is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 45 and 100 centimeters. The 2.5 to 5 cm, round to approximately round onion has white scales. The rough stem is green and slightly red at the base. The distributed, linear to elongated-lanceolate and hairless leaves on both sides are 8 to 15 centimeters long and 1 to 1.8 centimeters wide.
From May to July the plants form one to three trumpet-shaped, horizontal to slightly nodding, extremely fragrant flowers on pedicels up to 3 centimeters long . The bracts are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, around 8 inches long and 1 to 1.4 inches wide. The flower is up to 19 centimeters long and pure white, only tinged with green on the outside towards the base. The reversed-lanceolate bloom of the outer circle are petal 13 to 18 centimeters long and 2.5 to 4 cm wide, slightly wider that of the inner nectar channels are not papillate . The stamens are hairless and 8 to 15 centimeters long, the anthers purple or yellow and between 5 and 8 millimeters long. The style reaches a length of 6 to 7 centimeters, the ovary is cylindrical and 4 to 4.5 centimeters long. The capsule fruit ripens from August to September, the seeds germinate immediately and epigeaically .
Chromosomes
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24. The genome , like that of other lilies, is one of the largest known genomes with around 9 · 10 10 base pairs .
distribution
The Easter lily is native to the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands between Kyushu and Okinawa , where it is known as " Teppouyuri " ( テ ッ ポ ウ ユ リ ), as well as in the far north of Taiwan , although the Taiwanese occurrences may be traced back to human beings.
The stocks are found directly on the coast and on cliffs, rarely further inland on calcareous, stony soils, in Taiwan at altitudes between 0 and 500 meters.
Systematics
The Easter lily was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1794 . Since then, numerous subspecies, varieties and forms have been described, of which only one is now recognized, namely the variety :
- Lilium longiflorum var. Scabrum Masam. : Leaves linear, 20 to 25 inches long and 0.8 to 1.2 inches wide, endemic to Taiwan
The closest relative of the Easter lily is Lilium formosanum , the same clade also includes Lilium wallichianum and Lilium philippinense , sister species is Lilium brownii . Many of these species or their sub-taxa were temporarily placed as a variety of the Easter lily, for example Lilium formosanum , Lilium wallichianum var. Neilgherrense and Lilium brownii var. Viridulum , but also Lilium leucanthum var. Chloraster . The relationships are shown in the following cladogram :
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meaning
Floristry
The Easter lily is the most important lily type as a cut flower and is one of the cut flowers traded all year round.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Bermuda was the main growing area, but since the onions produced there were of inferior quality, they were exported in large quantities from Japan to the USA since the 1920s and 1930s . With the embargo on Japanese goods in World War II , supplies collapsed. After a few attempts, the north-western states of the USA ( California , Oregon ) turned out to be the ideal cultivation area; to this day they are the main area in North America. Of particular importance as cut flowers were the varieties " Georgia " (successful in the 1960s), " Ace " (until the end of the 1970s) and " Nellie White " (currently the most important variety worldwide). Every year over 10 million plants were produced here in the early 1990s.
Until well into the 1980s, Japan was the main supplier of lilies in Europe; between 1970 and 1985, between 30 and 40 million Easter lily bulbs were produced here every year. With the increasing dominance of the market by Dutch producers in Europe, Japan's market share continued to decline.In 1992, in the main cultivation area of Kagoshima, only around 20 million onions per year were produced on around 180 hectares, mainly for the local cut flower market; other cultivation areas are Koochi and Fukuoka . 90% of the onions belong to the " Hinomoto " variety selected in 1944 from a natural population on the island of Yakushima , the remaining 10% are " Georgia ", " Okinosiratae " and " Erabunohikari ".
Today, 90% of the European market is supplied from the Netherlands and 10% from Spain and Israel. The most important varieties here are “ Snow Queen ” with a good 40% market share, as well as “ White Europe ” and “ Snow Cap ”. A total of around 79.5 million stems were produced in the Netherlands in 2001.
The Easter lily is - along with Lilium formosanum - a parent of the economically important hybrid Lilium x formolongi .
Others
Since 1928, an independent perfume has been produced in Bermuda from the scent of the Easter lily, "Lili Bermuda".
In plant physiology, the Easter lily is a frequently used model organism for pollen physiological studies.
literature
- Stephen G. Haw: The Lilies of China. 1986, p. 85, ISBN 0881920347
- Flora of China , 2001, p. 148, ( Online PDF )
Individual evidence
- ^ Tropicos. [1]
- ↑ Nicholas H. Barton: Evolution . CSHL Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9 , pp. 216 .
- ↑ a b K. Okazaki: Lilium Species Native To Japan, And Breeding And Production Of Lilium In Japan . In: Jong Suk Lee, Mark S. Roh: (Ed.) International Symposium on the Genus Lilium: Taejon, Korea August 28 - September 1, 1994. , Wageningen, International Society for Horticultural Science, 1996, ISBN 906605977X
- ↑ Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA. In: 育種 学 雑 誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39–46
- ^ William Blanchard Miller: Easter and Hybrid Lily Production: Principles and Practice , 1992, ISBN 0881922056
- ↑ Flower Council of Holland : Lilium longiflorum's market share increased , June 1, 2002, online ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The Bermuda Perfumery: History , Online ( Memento of the original dated August 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Gerhard Obermeyer, Aquaporine, water transport and pollen tube growth , brief description of the project, 2004, online ( memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
