New World Chambers

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New World Chambers
Fox bunting (Passerella iliaca)

Fox bunting ( Passerella iliaca )

Systematics
Subclass : New-jawed birds (Neognathae)
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
without rank: Passerida
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers
Scientific name
Passerellidae
Cabanis & Heine , 1850

The New World chambers (Passerellidae) are a family from the order passerine birds . They belonged to the Ammern family (Emberizidae) for a long time , but are currently regarded as an independent family due to phylogenetic differences. The family comprises 30 genera with 145 species that are distributed in North, Central and South America as well as in the Caribbean.

features

The New World chambers belong to the songbirds with nine visible hand swing feathers . The plumage is dominated by brown, white, olive, black and yellow parts. The body length varies from north to south. While the smaller species occur in North America, the largest species are common in Central and South America. The plumage also differs in the northern and southern areas of distribution. In the north the birds are more brownish, dashed and have head patterns. In southern latitudes, where they inhabit the thick undergrowth, they are less dashed. They contrast larger olive, reddish brown, black and gray areas. Some species are broadly patterned, but most are quite dark. The medium-length wings are rounded. The tail is short to medium in length. The body is small to medium in length, cylindrically ovoid and compact. The conical beak is usually short. The head is medium to large in size. The neck is thick to medium in length. The legs are of medium length. The feet are medium to long. The sexes generally look the same.

habitat

New World chambers inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including peat bogs, the tundra, tropical lowland and mountain rainforests, wetlands, grasslands, bushland and savannas.

Eating behavior

The New World chambers in the temperate zones feed on a variety of invertebrates, fruits and seeds. The latter dominates food intake, especially outside the breeding season. The proportions of vegetable and animal diets vary from species to species. Little data is available on the food preferences of tropical species, but they are unlikely to differ from species from temperate zones.

Reproductive behavior

The New World chambers are generally monogamous. In the case of some species from wetlands, however, frequent partner changes can also occur. Both parents take care of raising the young. The open, bowl-shaped nest is built from grass, twigs and other materials. The nests are placed in trees, bushes or on the ground. Some species, including the pine bunting ( Peucaea aestivalis ) and the taxa of the genus Arremon , build dome-shaped nests. The females usually lay one to seven eggs. In most New World chambers, the female alone takes care of building the nest and incubating the eggs. Both parents take care of the procurement of food and the defense of the nest against predators or rivals. The breeding season is 12 to 15 days and the nestling period about seven to 15 days. After the young have fledged, they stay with their parents for about a month.

Systematics

Schwirrammer ( Spizella passerina )
Black-throated sparrow ( Amphispiza bilineata )
Rainammer ( Chondestes grammicus )
Pine bunting ( Peucaea aestivalis )
Olive bammer ( Arremonops rufivirgatus )
Yellow-throated green bunting ( Chlorospingus flavigularis )
Golden beak bushhammer ( Arremon aurantiirostris )
Collar root hammer ( Pipilo ocai )
Red cap bushhammer ( Atlapetes pileatus )
Black-chin ground hammer ( Melozone aberti )

In 1850, Jean Louis Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine introduced the subfamily Passerellinae. It was considered part of the finch family (Fringillidae) and was given the common name of Ammerfinken. To the subfamily Passerellinae the genera belonged Passerculus , Passerella (with the eponymous type species Passerella iliaca Swainson 1837), Zonotrichia , Ammodramus , Peucaea , Haemophila (current Synonym: Aimophila ) Coturniculus (current Synonym: Ammodramus ) Euspina (current Synonym: Spiza from the Family of the cardinals ), Spinites (current synonym: Spizella ), Niphaea (current synonym: Junco ), Phrygilus (currently belongs to the family of the Tangaren ), Rhopospina (currently belongs to the family of the Tangaren) and Hedyglossa (current synonym Diuca from the family of the Tangerines). In the same publication, some genera that are currently assigned to the family Passerellidae have been incorporated into the subfamily Pitylinae (oar finches). These include the genera Chlorospingus , Pipilo , Atlapetes , Arremon and Buarremon (currently a synonym for Arremon ).

Traditionally, the New World chambers were considered part of the Emberizidae family (currently Old World chambers) sensu lato . Several phylogenetic studies, however, came to the conclusion that the two groups form different clades , with the families of the wood warbler (Parulidae) and the starling (Icteridae) as well as smaller families endemic to the Caribbean being considered as the closest relatives of the New World chambers. The New World Chambers are divided into eight clades: Clade I comprises the genus Melospiza , clades II to III the genera Melozone , Atlapetes and Pipilo and clades IV to VIII the genera Zonotrichia and Junco . All other species that branch out at the root of the family tree, that is, form a polytomy, belong to the genera Arremon , Spizella , Amphispiza , Chondestes , Calamospiza , Peucaea , Arremonops , Ammodramus and Rhynchospiza . The two genera Oreothraupis and Chlorospingus , which originally belonged to the Tangaren , are currently also among the New World chambers.

The ornithological checklist committees are increasingly accepting the New World Chambers as an independent family, including Dickinson & Christides (The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, Vol. 4, Passerines, 2014), Winkler et al. (Bird Families of the World, 2015), the Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al., Including Birdlife International and the IUCN, 2016), the American Ornithological Society (formerly American Ornithologists' Union , 2017), the International Ornithological Congress (2017) and ebird / Clements (2017).

The Handbook of the Birds of the World (2017) distinguishes between the following genera and species:

  • Chondestes (1 kind)
  • Pezopetes (1 kind)
    • Big-footed bush hammer ( Pezopetes capitalis )
  • Torreornis (1 kind)
  • Spizelloides (1 kind)
  • Oriturus (1 species)
    • Striped bunting ( Oriturus superciliosus )
  • Xenospiza (1 species)

status

The IUCN lists some sort ( Pipilo naufragus ) to be extinct ( extinct ), a type ( Atlapetes blancae ) as threatened with extinction ( critically endangered ), eight species as endangered ( endangered ), five species as endangered ( vulnerable ) and twelve species the warning list ( near threatened ). The other species are not endangered. Furthermore, four subspecies, the Santa Barbara singing bammer ( Melospiza melodia graminea ), the black beach bunting ( Ammospiza maritima nigrescens ), the Guadalupe spotted bunting ( Pipilo maculatus consobrinus ) and the Todos Santos bunting ( Aimophila ruficeps sanctorum ) are considered extinct . Loss of habitat is considered the main threat.

literature

  • Ferdinand Heine & Jean Cabanis: Museum Heineanum. Directory of the ornithological collection of the Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, on Gut St. Burchard before Halberstadt. - With critical comments and description of the new species, systematically edited by Dr. Jean Cabanis, first curator of the Royal Zoological Collection in Berlin. 1st part, containing the songbirds , Halberstadt, 1850-1851, pp. 131-153
  • Clive Byers, Urban Olsson, Jon Curson: Buntings and Sparrows - A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows. Pica Press, 1995, ISBN 978-1-4081-8906-1
  • T. Yuri, DP Mindell: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23, 2002: 229-243.
  • John Klicka, Robert M. Zink, K. Winker: Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius) , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2003, pp. 165-175
  • Per Alström, Urban Olsson, Fumin Lei, Hai-tao Wang, Wei Gao, Per Sundberg: Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47, 2008: pp. 960-973
  • Jeffrey M. DaCosta, Garth M. Spellman, Patricia Escalante, John Klicka: A molecular systematic revision of two historically problematic songbird clades: Aimophila and Pipilo Journal of Avian Biology 40 (2), 2009, pp. 206-216
  • FK Barker, KJ Burns, J. Klicka, SM Lanyon, IJ Lovette: Going to Extremes: Contrasting Rates of Diversification in a Recent Radiation of New World Passerine Birds. In: Systematic Bioloogy . 62 (2), 2013, pp. 298-320
  • John Klicka, F. Keith Barker, Kevin J. Burns, Scott M. Lanyon, Irby J. Lovette , Jaime A. Chaves, Robert W. Bryson, Jr .: A comprehensive multilocus assessment of sparrow (Aves: Passerellidae) relationships In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 77, 2014, pp. 177-182
  • David L. Slager, John Klicka: A new genus for the American Tree Sparrow (Aves: Passeriformes: Passerellidae) Zootaxa 3821 (3), 2014: 398-400
  • David W. Winkler, Shawn M. Billerman & Irby J. Lovette: Bird Families of the World , The CornellLab of Ornithology & Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, ​​2015. ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3 , pp. 532-535
  • Robert W. Bryson, Jr., Brant C. Faircloth, Whitney LE Tsai, John E. McCormack, John Klicka: Target enrichment of thousands of ultraconserved elements sheds new light on early relationships within New World sparrows (Aves: Passerellidae) The Auk 133 (3), 2016, pp. 451–458
  • New World Sparrows (Passerellidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, DA & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (accessed from HBW Alive on September 9, 2017).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heine & Cabanis, 1850, pp. 131-135
  2. ↑ Heine & Cabanis, 1850, pp. 135-153
  3. ^ Yuri & Mindell, 2002
  4. ↑ Klicka et al., 2003
  5. ↑ Alström et al., 2008
  6. ↑ Barker et al., 2013
  7. ↑ DaCosta et al., 2009
  8. ↑ Klicka et al., 2014
  9. ↑ NACC-2017  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / americanornithologypubs.org  
  10. ↑ IOC Version 7.4
  11. ↑ Slager, DL; Klicka, J. 2014: A new genus for the American tree sparrow (Aves: Passeriformes: Passerellidae) . Zootaxa, 3821 (3): 398-400. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3821.3.9