Pfannenberger unity
| Pfannenberger unity | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| General information about the mine | |||
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| Funding / total | 8.551 million tons of iron ore | ||
| Rare minerals | Galena , millerite , sphalerite | ||
| Information about the mining company | |||
| Employees | 991 (1957) | ||
| Start of operation | 1810 | ||
| End of operation | June 30, 1962 | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | Brown stone , spate iron stone ( copper pebbles , lead luster , zinc blende ) | ||
| Greatest depth | 1338 m | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 50 ° 48 '33.1 " N , 8 ° 0' 32.4" E | ||
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| Location | Salchendorf | ||
| local community | Neunkirchen | ||
| Rice ( NUTS3 ) | Siegen-Wittgenstein | ||
| country | State of North Rhine-Westphalia | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
| District | Burbach mountain area | ||
The Pfannenberger Einigkeit mine was an iron ore mine between Salchendorf and Eiserfeld in the southern Siegerland . It was located on the lower southern slope of the Pfannenberg at around 360 m above sea level and at a depth of 1,338 m it was temporarily the deepest pit in Europe. The mine, also known as “Pammerich” in the Siegerland region of Platt , was closed in April 1962 as the last mine in what was then the district of Siegen and by then had produced 8.551 million t of iron ore.
Vein resources and ore deposits
To the Pfannenberger Gangzug belong the east-west- trending gang means Alter or Junge Weinsmann and Mittelberg , further on at the east end of the Junge Pfannenberg and then the means Spatmittel and Spülbütte . Outside the pit pan Berger agreement the funds belonged Kreutz Bach in the north, bird transition , Rinnchen and Arbach in the west to the pan Berger lode .
The ore deposits in the mine have improved with increasing depth , in contrast to other Siegerland mines, in which the deposits at the middle depths are lost. The middle mountain passage was almost 115 m long and led 1–4 m thick Spateisenstein . The Alter Weinsmann and Mittelberg passages disappeared at a depth of 100 m, but the Junge Pfannenberg passages increased. At a depth of 300 m the mean had a thickness of up to 12 m, from 400 m it decreased again and disappeared completely at a depth of approx. 700 m. In the upper depths it led to Brauneisenstein , in greater depths up to 5 m thick Spateisenstein appeared. The Junge Weinsmann corridor , like the Junge Pfannenberg, led in the upper depth brown stone, with increasing depth Spateisenstein and was up to 40 m long.
The gait agent rinsing chest was removed from all floors . At the surface it was 20 m long, at a depth of 900 m it was 530 m long with a thickness between 3 and 20 m. At a depth of 400 m, the corridor area had its greatest extension with 4200 m³. At a depth of 600 m the thickness of the vein was up to 30 m at one point. On this level the walkway area to be excavated was 3000 m², at a depth of 1020 m this area was only 1185 m². However, investigations found the remedy staggered; At a depth of 1120 m, the minable area was 1935 m². At the deepest level of the pit, the medium only had an area of 715 m², which meant that it was no longer suitable for mining. This was confirmed by core drillings up to 150 m deeper. The remedy was filled with Spateisenstein with copper pebbles .
Minerals
Numerous minerals were found in the Pfannenberger Einigkeit mine . In the regional environment, the name Pfannenberg usually comes up when it comes to lead gloss levels . The millerite stages (nickel pebbles) found in the mine had needles up to 4 cm long. In addition to these, pyrite (pebbles or fool's gold), sphalerite (zinc blende), antimonite (antimony shine ), chalcopyrite (copper pebble ) and ankerite (brown spar ) were found on the Pfannenberg.
Terrain and surface facilities
The processing plant built in 1923 and the subsequent roasting ovens were located in the middle of the approximately 70,000 m² mine site . Directly next to this was the headframe of the Hindenburg shaft and, further on, the shaft hoisting machine house , to the west the boiler house . The mine workshops were located south of the headframe. To the south-west of it the administration, built around the same time, as well as the wash house . The most modern part of the surface facilities (1920–1923) was built on an old overburden dump of the mine.
To the north of the Hindenburg shaft was the headframe of the Bismarck shaft and to the southwest of its hoisting machine house. A modern magnetic processing plant was built east of the roasting ovens in 1956. Today it serves as a warehouse.
Northwest of the processing plant, which was built in 1923, the siding of the Free Grunder Railway was built in 1907 . A fourth track led south past the preparation area to the carpentry of the pit on the lower slope of the heap, where it split into two tracks. This track still exists today and is used in production halls for loading coils.
The part of the mine to the north of the loading station was the oldest in the mine and only existed until the 1930s. The old processing and roasting facilities and the headframe of the old shaft as well as its hoisting machine house (both newly built in 1898) and the forges and workshops in the west were used until 1932 and then demolished.
In addition to the red high-rise , the administration building , which was built in 1923, as well as the subsequent workshops and the hoisting machine house of the Hindenburg shaft still exist today . The machine house of the Bismark shaft was demolished in the 1980s.
history
Beginnings and merger
A 450 m long ping train on Pfannenberg is evidence of the old mining industry. There is evidence that ore was searched here as early as the 18th century. From around 1800, the Pfannenberg began to look for it more intensively, in 1808 the upper tunnel and in 1810 the deep Pfannenberg tunnel near today's riding arena. In that year several small pits south of the Pfannenbergkopf merged with those on the Pfannenberg to form the Pfannenberger Unity mine :
- Old Pfannenberg with desert and refugee Pingen ( escape )
- Old wine man
- Young Pfannenberg
- Mittelberg
- New wine man
- Wash basin
From the 1830s onwards, production was suspended because the exposed ore was mined via the upper gallery. Only when the deep gallery reached the corridor in 1841, work was resumed. Around 1860 a passage was driven in the deep tunnel to the fields of Ochs including Streitberg , Neumann and Saalweide . Soon afterwards, dies began to be created in order to be able to mine deeper ore. The Mittelberger Gesenk in the Mittelberg vein reached 15 m in 1863 and a total depth of 31 m. In 1875 the promotion was stopped again.
As early as 1860, people started looking for new ways to get the ore. They participated in the Tiefen Kohlenbacher adit , which belonged to the Brüderbund mine , and reached the ore vein on the Pfannenberg with a wing location after 303 m.
Civil engineering and the heyday
After the ore reserves had been mined through tunnels and it was found that the development of the duct resources was positive, it was decided to build a civil engineering plant. The old shaft was sunk from 1872 and reached the 100 m level in 1880, the 150 m level in 1886, the 200 m level in 1892, the 250 m level in 1896 and a total depth of 450 m. 1881 was one of the 303 m long Flügelort to depths Kohlbacher studs durchschlägig , promoting came again. The machinery, initially a 12 hp twin steam engine, only reached a depth of 450 m, and there were also problems with weather management .
In 1890 a cable car was built over the height to the Kohlenbach station of the Eisern-Siegener Railway . Partial quantities of the ore were still driven by horse and cart to Herdorf to the Friedrichshütte . This changed with the connection to the Freie Grunder Railway in 1907. In 1898 the headframe of the old shaft was replaced by a new one and new systems were built or the old ones were modernized, as the year before a high gross surplus was achieved and this encouraged investment.
While in 1872 the Kuxe of the neighboring Arbacher Einigkeit mine were even more valuable than those of the Pfannenberg, in 1898 it was exactly the opposite. In November of that year the Pfannenberg trades decided to buy 100 Arbacher Kuxe. Arbacher Einigkeit was shut down as early as 1901 .
In the meantime, the production had reached 81,700 t (1899) and it was decided to sink a second shaft. In 1900 this shaft, the Bismarck shaft , was sunk . It was put into operation in 1903 and was later to go down to a depth of 907 m with a diameter of 4 m. The following depths were reached:
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| New systems - statement of costs in May 1920 | ||
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| 1. | Shaft framework / building | 2,500,000 marks |
| 2. | processing | 6,600,000 marks |
| 3. | Carrier / building | 2,000,000 marks |
| 4th | Air compressor | 2,000,000 marks |
| 5. | Electrical systems | 450,000 marks |
| 6th | Colliery / wash house | 1,800,000 marks |
| 7th | Workshops / magazine | 1,000,000 marks |
| 8th. | Boiler systems | 3,000,000 marks |
| 9. | Earthmoving | 1,800,000 marks |
| 10. | Station renovation / inclined elevator | 1,550,000 marks |
| 11. | Water management / elevated tanks / sewerage / pipes | 500,000 marks |
| total cost | 23,000,000 marks | |
In the years 1904 to 1905 the daytime facilities were modernized and a new colliery house and a residential building were built. In 1907/08 new additional grate furnaces were built and the boiler house expanded. Four more grate ovens followed in 1912 and 1914, respectively. Production continued to rise to 142,380 t in 1907. The Pfannenberg had its highest production in 1913 with 185,718 t of mined rock. In 1943 the maximum output of 210,581 t was achieved, but it was more a question of overexploitation in the course of the Second World War and not of profitable mining. The profitable management of the mine declined more already at the beginning of the First World War ; the most profitable year of the mine was the year 1914. The production rates remained almost at the level of 1913 until the beginning of the 1920s. After the First World War, the exploration and Fixture work that was cut back during the war in order to maintain the funding quota can be made up for. Most of the trades were unsure about the profitability of the mine and sold their shares to Ruhr companies. The mine then became the property of Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG and Klöckner AG.
Plans were drawn up as early as 1912 to sink a third shaft, but these plans were only implemented after the change of ownership. From 1920 the Hindenburg shaft was sunk, this was also an advantage, since the old shaft and the Bismarck shaft were very busy in the First World War and a new shaft was necessary. The new shaft had a diameter of 4.5 m and went into operation in 1924. In 1925 it reached the 600 m level, the entire depth of the Hindenburg shaft reached 1032 m. The shaft was thus the third deepest shaft in the Siegerland after the Ludendorf ( Neue Haardt ) and Füssenberg I shafts .
In the same year the new daytime facilities were completed and put into operation. These consisted of a headframe and building with an adjoining processing plant, a hoisting machine house and a long administration building including a mine house, wash houses and workshops.
After the old shaft collapsed in 1927, its headframe was demolished in 1932 and rebuilt two years later on the top of the mountain as a lookout tower (see Pfannenberg tower ).
Promotion and workforce
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With the civil engineering, the production rates increased annually, within a few years the production volumes doubled. During the global economic crisis in the 1920s, this amount went down, but the Pfannenberg was one of the few mines that was mined with almost no operational shutdown. From 1923 onwards, there was little or no work for months in order to save costs and thus survive the crisis that forced several other Siegerland mines to close. For 1885 there is an indication of copper production in the mine. This was 79 t.
The workforce changed with the mining of the mine depending on the economic situation and time. In the first few years of the mine there were about 30 people. While 300 people were still working on the Pfannenberg in 1897, the number of employees rose in both world wars due to prisoners of war and high ore demand. During the global economic crisis at the end of the 1920s, the number fell to just 76 people, in 1957 the workforce reached its highest number after the Pfannenberg-Eisenzeche association with 991 members.
| 1897 | 300 | |||
| 1912 | 708 | |||
| 1926 | 528 | |||
| 1930 | 358 | |||
| 1932 | 76 | |||
| 1938 | 584 | |||
| 1942 | 541 | |||
| 1945 | 723 | |||
| 1957 | 991 | |||
| 1960 | 388 | |||
| 1962 | 319 | |||
War, new beginning and end
Due to the events of the war, the ore production in 1945 was reduced to around only 10,000 t. After 1945 the production rates rose only slowly. As after the First World War, there was a lot of catching up to do in terms of equipment and exploration work, and sales of the ore left a lot to be desired.
In 1950 the decision was made to go deeper and created two blind shafts . From 1950, a separate main shaft was built from 960 to 1338 m, the deepest point. This shaft was about 150 m west of the Hindenburg shaft . An electric hoisting machine was housed on the 960 m level. The second blind shaft was built near the Bismarck shaft and went down to a depth of 1070 m. A compressed air conveyor reel was used for conveyance. On the 1045 m level (17th level) there was a connection to the Brüderbund mine .
An attempt was made in 1953 with Erzbergbau Siegerland AG to save Siegerland ore mining by merging network systems, and the Pfannenberger Einigkeit mine was also part of it.
After the processing plant on Eisenzecher Zug burned out completely in 1953, Pfannenbeger Einigkeit was converted into a central processing plant from 1956 onwards, in the course of which a new electromagnetic grate processing plant was built in 1957, which is still there today and is used as a warehouse. On June 22, 1956, a 2.5 km long connection to the Eiserfeld mine Eisenzecher Zug was completed at a depth of 800 m . These measures in the new mine network cost 10 million marks. The Pfannenberg-Eisenzeche association was established and went into operation on June 1, 1957. The association also included the Eisernhardt civil engineering , which in turn included the Brüderbund and Mocke pits . On February 29, 1960, the Eisenzecher Zug department was completely shut down, after the complete Eisernhardt civil engineering had already started in 1957 and 1958 .
Since the pit no profit threw more, the mine operation was on April 18, 1962 at 13:00 as the last in Siegen finally adjusted and brought the last Hunte ore from the mountain. On June 30, the mine was completely shut down. 359 miners lost their jobs that day. A total of 8.551 million tons of iron ore were mined, an estimated 1.5 million tons are still in the mountain.
Most of the shafts were filled after the shutdown and are now located under the production halls. Today, an industrial company belonging to the Schäfer Group has settled there, which has built in and around the old buildings of the mine. Only the red high-rise , the ore processing facility built in 1957, still reminds of the mining operations.
technology
Conveyor technology and processing
The hoisting machines of the shafts were operated with steam. The cages of the old shaft had two floors, each of which was loaded with a mine car . In the Bismarck shaft , the conveyor baskets could each be equipped with two cars. A 500 hp drum winder served as the drive. By attaching ropes in opposite directions, one cage was always pulled up and one lowered. For the blind shaft sunk in 1950, a small pneumatic drum hoisting machine was installed on the 900 m level.
In order to achieve a better conveying capacity, the conveyor baskets of the Hindenburg shaft were equipped with three floors, each of which could be loaded with two mine cars. In the nacelle of the shaft whose carrier was housed. This was 800 hp and equipped with a Koepe disc. The rope was not wound up and down, only deflected. The cage loaded with 6 t drove at a maximum speed of 18 m per second (corresponds to approx. 65 km / h), so around 130 t of iron ore could be conveyed per hour. A hoisting machine with a Koepe disc was installed on the 1020 m level for the remote main shaft. As in the Hindenburgschacht, the conveyor baskets could accommodate two conveyor cars on each of three floors .
The ore extracted was sorted and classified during processing. To save costs, the ore was dumped at the top of the processing facility built in 1923 and processed from top to bottom. The rock was crushed to a grain size of <35 mm in a jaw crusher. Then the rock was washed. Women (the so-called "archangels") sorted out visible deaf rock and non-ferrous metal , overgrown ore was further crushed and separated using the sink-swim method. The heavier iron ore settled first in several jigs and could be separated.
The processed ore was transported to roasting with tilting lorries. There it was heated to 700 ° C, the iron content was increased from 40% to 60%. In the grate preparation, which was put into operation in 1957, the remaining overgrown ore could still be separated because the ore was now magnetic. After processing, the ore was loaded onto wagons of the Free Grunder Railway in the nearby loading station.
Drainage and weather management
The water inflow at Pfannenberg was about 1 m³ per minute, from 1956 with the Brüderbund and Eisenzecher Zug even 2.8 m³ of water per minute, which meant an annual inflow of about 525,000 m³ or 1,470,000 m³ of water. Next to the pump room on the deepest level (1270 m) was the so-called “pump sump”, in which the pit water collected. The water from the shaft was collected in the "shaft sump" and also pumped into the "pump sump" via electric submersible pumps . In the pump room, electrically operated centrifugal pumps conveyed the water to the 1020 m level in a "pump sump". From there it was pumped to the 750 m level. There it was pumped to the 100 m level by an electric motor with a power of 330 kW so that it can run down the Kohlenbach tunnel between the Eisern and Eiserfeld. It was then collected in the Kohlenbacher Weiher before it was directed to the Sieg. The water was always at a temperature of 25 ° C, so the pond never froze over. The maintenance and supervision of the technology was carried out by the pump attendant.
“Water doors” stopped the water supply in closed operating points or areas. The doors consisted of a concrete spout with a steel door and a water drain (pipe) with a valve. The water doors on Pfannenberg were:
- 450 m: towards Arbach (Salchendorf)
- 800 m: Direction Eisenzecher Zug (Eiserfeld)
- 960 m: towards Rühltal / Reifenberg (Neunkirchen)
- 1045 m: towards the Brüderbund (Eiserfeld)
Due to the temperature increase of approx. 3 ° C per 100 m into the depth, fresh air had to be constantly provided on the soles. A temperature of over 40 ° C prevailed on the 1270 m level. The fresh air (“ weather ”) was led through the Hindenburg shaft up to 1020 m and from there via the remote blind shaft to 1270 m. To ensure that the air could get to the very bottom for the first time and that there was no "short circuit" in the ventilation system, all floors in the Hindenburg shaft were closed with airtight doors. These opened and closed automatically for ore extraction. The air was distributed over the floor to all operating points and via overcutting to the upper floors and to the outside via the Bismarck shaft. Most of the Siegerland mines needed fans to keep the weather flowing, but this was not the case on Pfannenberg. The only exceptions were the stretches to more distant pits, such as B. the test routes Rühental and Reifenberg or the connecting route to the mines Eisenzecher Zug and Brüderbund . The ventilation was created there through ventilation pipes.
Ore removal
The ores from the Pfannenberger Einigkeit mine were transported via a 1.8 km long cable car from 1890 onwards. This led north over the "Yellow Height" past the Brüderbund mine to the Kohlenbacher train station in Eiserfeld and thus to the Eisern-Siegen railway .
From 1905 a new connection was planned. In 1907, with the connection of the new Freie Grunder Railway, a new chapter in the history of the mine came. For this purpose, the tracks were laid about 2.5 km along the Arbach through the valley and a hairpin was created in the upper section of the valley. From here, the tracks run in an arch southwest towards the pit. The rail connection initially consisted of two tracks that led to the roasting ovens. An additional, provisional loading facility completed the station.
In 1911, parts of the no longer needed cable car were sold to the Große Burg trade union in Altenseelbach . The station was enlarged and expanded to three tracks in 1923 after the Hindenburg shaft had been sunk and the new mine was built. In addition, a track led past the processing facility built in 1957 to the sawmill of the pit.
Consolidations
When in 1900 the pit Arbacher unity below the pit closed, who bought Pfannenberg most mining shares on the pit. They promised to find iron ore in the corridors . A breakthrough from a tunnel in the Pfannenberg to one of the Arbach mine followed, then a blind shaft was sunk at 550 m. In 1936, the few stocks in the Arbach mine field were depleted and the mine was finally closed.
The Eisenzecher Zug and Eisernhardter Tiefbau mines were run as operating departments of the Pfannenberger Einigkeit mine from 1957 . After the underground connection to the Eisenzeche was completed in June , the ores from the other mines were also processed on the Pfannenberg, since the processing plant of the Eisenzecher Zug mine burned down in 1953 and was not rebuilt.
In addition to the major consolidations, there were a number of small pits that were part of the operation on the Pfannenberg. These were for example:
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literature
- Gerhard Weyl: The Pfannenberger Unity iron ore mine 1810-1962 in Salchendorf / Neunkirchen. Vorländer publishing house, Siegen 2005.
- Alfred Henrichs: From Salchendorf's past. Braun printing works, Neunkirchen November 1966.
- Hans Dietrich Gleichmann: “Pfannenberg-Eisenzeche” compound plant - ores no longer in demand despite modernization. In: Horst G. Koch (Hrsg.): Eiserfeld in the green wreath of the mountains. Verlag Koch, Siegen 1992. ISBN 3-928343-02-5 .
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g T. Hundt, G. Gerlach, F. Roth, W. Schmidt: Description of the mountain areas Siegen I, Siegen II, Burbach & Müsen. Bonn 1887.
- ↑ a b c d Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, pp. 134-138.
- ↑ a b c d Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, pp. 134/137.
- ↑ a b Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, p. 135.
- ^ Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, p. 138.
- ↑ a b c d e f g H.D. Gleichmann: The Bautenberg mine near Unterwilden , article
- ^ Gerhard Schäfer: The valley railway in the free reason. In: Regional traffic history. Volume 24. EK-Verlag, Freiburg 1998
- ↑ a b c Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, p. 139.
- ↑ a b Otto Braun: 700 years of Neunkirchen. Neunkirchen 1988, p. 140.
Web links
- Neunkirchen website on history and past, see "Trade and Industry" ( Memento from April 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- Gerd Bäumer: Ore mining in the Siegerland area ( Memento from November 7, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
