Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird

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Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird
Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird

Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type : Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Phaethornis longuemareus
( Lesson, RP , 1832)

The brown dwarf shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis longuemareus ) or the dwarf hummingbird is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The distribution area of ​​this species includes the countries Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana and the island of Trinidad . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The brown dwarf shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of about 8.4 to 9 cm with a weight of the males from 1.5 to 3.8 g and the females from 2.5 to 3.8 g. The 25 mm long, curved bill is yellow at the base of the lower mandible. The top is bronze to copper green, a color that contrasts with the pale reddish brown of the rump. The under tail-coverts are white. The cheeks are dark with a yellow-brown line over the eyes and a dull, yellow-brown line on the cheek. The underside looks cinnamon to yellow-brown. The throat is decorated with close-knit dark speckles. The central control springs are pointed.

Behavior and nutrition

The birds get their nectar from different flowers. They were at Helikonien that the acanthus belonging genera Pachystachys and Justica , Costus , refractive shrubs , Mandevilla which the Rötegewächsen belonging to the genus Cephaelis and many other plants observed. As trapliners, they regularly fly to very specific, scattered flowers in quick succession. Smaller arthropods are one of their food sources.

Vocalizations

The singing consists of a high series of incessant repetitions. A series lasts a second and typically consists of four to six high notes and ends with lower, indistinct notes. The males sing together with several birds at the leks where they sit on branches and twigs about 1 meter above the ground.

Reproduction

Their breeding season is from December to June. Most nests in Trinidad are found from January to March. In Surinam nests were discovered in January and in August, in French Guiana in January, July and August. The nest is a long, cone-shaped cup made of plant material and cobwebs. They attach this to the underside of hanging leaves. A clutch consists of two white eggs.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the brown dwarf shadow hummingbird

The brown dwarf shadow hummingbird inhabits the undergrowth of various open forest types, such as swamp and mangrove forests , secondary vegetation, thickets, bushes, forest edges and plantations on the South American mainland. In Trinidad, his preferred habitat is the rainforest. It moves at altitudes from sea level to 700 meters.

Subspecies

The species is considered to be monotypical . The subspecies Phaethornis longuemareus imatacae , described by William Henry Phelps and William Henry Phelps, Jr. in 1952, is now considered to be a hybrid of the brown dwarf shadow hummingbird and barbed-throated shadow hummingbird . Phaethornis longuemareus cordobae Zimmer , 1950 is now considered a synonym for Phaethornis striigularis saturatus Ridgway , 1910.

Etymology and history of research

René Primevère Lesson described the brown dwarf shadow hummingbird under the name Trochilus longuemareus . The type specimen came from Cayenne and was in the collection of Agathe François Gouÿe de Longuemare (1792–1866). In 1827 William Swainson introduced the genus Phaethornis for the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ( Linnaeus , 1766)). The term “Phaethornis” is derived from the Greek words “phaethōn Φαέθων ” for “the shining one, the shining one” and “órnis όρνις ” for “bird”. The name "longuemareus" is dedicated to its collector. "Imatacae" refers to the Sierra de Imataca with the Cerro Tomasote , the place where the type specimen by Fulvio Benedetti was collected on April 6, 1942.

  • Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird illustrated by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre for the original description

  • Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird illustrated by Prêtre

literature

  • Christoph Hinkelmann , Peter Boesman, Guy Maxwell Kirwan in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Little Hermit (Phaethornis longuemareus) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Steven Leon Hilty, John A. Gwynne Jr, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2002, ISBN 0-691-09250-8 ( books.google.de ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • René-Primevère Lesson: Les trochilidées ou Les colibris et les oiseaux-mouches: suivis d'un index général, dans lequel sont décrites et classées méthodiquement toutes les races et espèces du genre trochilus . Delivery 1. A. Bertrand, Paris ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1832–1833).
  • William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and HS and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science. tape 1 , no. 85 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .
  • William Henry Phelps, William Henry Phelps, Jr .: Nine new subspecies of birds from Venezuela . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 65 , 1952, pp. 39-54 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer: Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 55, The hummingbird genera Doryfera, Glaucis, Threnetes, and Phaethornis . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 1449 , 1950, pp. 1-52 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 4.7 MB ]).

Web links

Commons : Brown dwarf shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis longuemareus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Steven Leon Hilty, et al. a., p. 397.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Christoph Hinkelmann u. a.
  3. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  4. ↑ a b William Henry Phelps, u. a., p. 45.
  5. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 50.
  6. ↑ a b René Primevère Lesson, pp. 15-17, plate 2, p. 160, plate 62, p. XV.
  7. ^ William Swainson, p. 441.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. Pp. 120-121.