Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop
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Adobe Photoshop CC on Windows |
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Basic data
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developer | Adobe Inc. |
Publishing year | 1990 |
Current version | 21.2.2 (August 17, 2020) |
operating system | macOS , Windows , iPadOS |
programming language | C ++ |
category | Image editing program |
License | proprietary |
German speaking | Yes |
www.adobe.com/photoshopfamily |
Adobe Photoshop [ əˌdoʊbi ˈfəʊtəʊʃɒp ] is an image processing program for (primarily) pixel graphics from the US software company Adobe Inc. The program is the world market leader and dominant in the field of image processing and prepress . Photoshop is part of Adobe Creative Cloud , a collection of graphics and design programs, and, like most other Adobe applications, is available for the Mac OS and Windows operating systems. It was originally created by Thomas and John Knoll in 1988 .
Importance of the program
Photoshop is generally considered to be one of the most feature-rich image editing programs out there. It has established itself as the industry standard in the image processing industry (e.g. photographers, web designers, advertising agencies) . Most of the features that are regularly used in image editing software today were originally first introduced in Photoshop. Due to the widespread use of the software, photoshopping is now used in technical jargon as a generic name synonymous with computer-aided image manipulation.
Photoshop is used by around 10 million users worldwide, around 90% of professional designers use this software. According to a survey in 2007 with only 500 participants, 58% of Photoshop users use the program as a black copy . In the same year, Photoshop was the fourth most popular black copy software.
Photoshop's price has remained nominally almost the same for the past 25 years; Due to inflation, however , the value of new versions has de facto declined over the years: Version 1 from 1990 cost $ 895 (adjusted for inflation today corresponds to $ 1,747), CS5 costs $ 699 and the "Extended" version costs $ 999. Adobe introduced cheaper end-user editions, first as Photoshop LT , then called Adobe Photoshop Elements , the features of which have been optimized for the needs of home users. Compared to the more expensive and more extensive versions of Photoshop, functions that are more likely to be used in the professional sector have been removed. As with most competing products, there is no CMYK color model mode or the ability to edit images in a color depth of 48 bits . They are intended for web design and post-processing of images from digital cameras . Functions specially designed for easier operation, such as the file browser with extended options, the red-eye tool or the instant repair brush, were initially to be found in Photoshop Elements before they were then also available in the more powerful Photoshop CS2. The Elements output is often shipped with digital cameras or scanners.
There were also 2 to 5 editions of Photoshop versions with the letters LE for Limited Edition , which, similar to the current Photoshop Elements, represented a functionally restricted variant of the program compared to Photoshop CS. These were also often delivered together with hardware as a so-called bundle or OEM version.
Development history
The development of Photoshop began in 1987, first by Thomas Knoll and a little later together with his brother John Knoll . The latter was working for Industrial Light & Magic at the time . He used the program as a VFX artist for the film The Abyss . They called the resulting program display . In the next period the brothers improved the program; the first 200 copies of version 0.87 were delivered a year later to Barneyscan XP and sold together with their scanners under the name Image Pro .
Aldus developed the photostyler at the same time . Adobe had just reached an agreement with Letraset to further develop Color Studio when Adobe's art director Russel Brown discovered Photoshop to be the better program. In 1988 the Knoll brothers and Adobe signed a pioneering contract for the software. It was not until two years later, in February 1990, that Photoshop S1.0 was published by Adobe exclusively for the Apple Macintosh. From the beginning it was intended for processing images that had been digitized by a scanner . At the time, these devices were still rare and expensive. Path tools were already included in the 1992 version. With version 2.5, a version for Windows computers appeared for the first time in the same year. Version 3 appeared in 1994 and contained layers, which for the first time allowed more complex editing. Files in Photoshop were limited to 30,000 × 30,000 pixels. In 1998, in version 5.0, editable text and the adjustable recursive version history appeared for the first time. Version 5.5, when it appeared in 1999, was specifically geared towards additional functions for the network. CS first included groupable layers and support for large files in 2003. In 2005, CS2 introduced a “red-eye function”, while in 2007 CS3 introduced algorithms for faster loading of images and the quick selection tool. In 2008 CS4 appeared with improved pan and zoom, tabulated documents and mask layers, Photoshop was now available in 22 languages.
Although developed primarily for editing print-ready images, Photoshop has increasingly also been used to produce images for the World Wide Web . With version S5.5, Photoshop came out with an additional program called ImageReady , which made specialized tools available for this purpose. These functions were gradually integrated into the main application up to version CS2.
With the appearance of the Adobe Creative Suite (CS) (2003) the naming of Photoshop was changed: Since then, the foreground of the name has been the affiliation to the respective "Suite" (Photoshop CS, Photoshop CS2, Photoshop CS3 etc.); the actual version number (8, 9, 10, etc.) is only mentioned additionally.
Version 9 (CS2) was released in April 2005, Version 10 (CS3) on March 27, 2007; the English version has been in stores since April 16, 2007, the German version since May 15, 2007. The integration of ImageReady into the main program was completed and has not been available as a separate program since.
On September 23, 2008, Creative Suite 4 (CS4) was published with Photoshop 11 and has been sold in Germany since November 4, 2008. For Windows (Vista), but not for the Macintosh, a 64-bit version is now available for the first time. This version is the last to support Apple computers with PowerPC processors.
On April 12, 2010 the Creative Suite 5 (CS5) with Photoshop 12 was published, which has been sold in Germany since May 10, 2010. A 64-bit version is available for Mac OS X for the first time . In April 2011 Photoshop was slightly updated with the release of Creative Suite 5.5, which is designed to work with special tablet apps.
Creative Suite 6 (CS6) with Photoshop 13 was released on May 11, 2012. One innovation was the Mercury graphics engine, which accelerates the image build-up, the Adobe Creative Cloud function (for a fee) (available in Germany from the same date) and a revision of the design tools. Another feature of Photoshop 13 is the dark gray background of the editing window, which was previously light gray. The RAW converter "Adobe Camera RAW (ACR) 7" appeared at the same time as Photoshop 13.
On May 7, 2013, Adobe presented the version Photoshop CC, which changed the programs of the Creative Suite to Adobe Creative Cloud . By switching to the cloud solution, you can use your personal settings wherever Photoshop CC is installed. Further innovations are filters to reduce camera shake, editable rounded rectangles and a live preview. As of version CC, Photoshop is only available by subscription.
In June 2014, Photoshop CC 2014 was released; a year later, on June 15, 2015 Photoshop CC 2015.
Photoshop was first released for the iPad in November 2019.
Versions
Legend: | Older version; no longer supported | Older version; still supported | Current version |
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version | Code name | platform | publication | Most important innovations |
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0.63 | Mac OS Classic | October 1988 | ||
1.0 | Mac OS (up to 9) | February 1990 | ||
2.0 | Almost Eddy | Mac OS (up to 9) | June 1991 |
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2.5 | Merlin | Mac OS (up to 9) | November 1992 |
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Brimstone | Windows | |||
IRIX , Solaris | November 1993 | |||
3.0 | Tiger Mountain | Mac OS (up to 9) | September 1994 |
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Windows, IRIX, Solaris | November 1994 | |||
4.0 | Big Electric Cat | Mac OS (up to 9), Windows | November 1996 |
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5.0 | Strange cargo | Mac OS (up to 9), Windows | May 1997 |
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5.5 | Mac OS (up to 9), Windows 95 | February 1999 |
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6.0 | Venus in Furs | Mac OS (up to 9), Windows | September 2000 |
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7.0 | Liquid Sky | Mac OS (up to 9), Mac OS X (up to 10.4) , Win NT 4.0 , Win 98 SE , Win ME | March 2002 |
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7.0.1 | Mac OS (up to 9), macOS , Win NT 4.0 , Win 98 SE , Win ME | August 2002 |
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CS (8.0) | Dark matter | Mac OS X, Windows | October 2003 |
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CS2 (9.0) | Space monkey | Mac OS X up to 10.6.8, Win 2000 , Win XP | April 2005 |
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CS3, CS3 Extended (10.0) | Red pill | Mac OS X Windows XP SP2 to Windows 7 (x86 and x64) |
April 16, 2007 |
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CS4, CS4 Extended (11.0) | Stonehenge | Mac OS X Windows XP SP2 to Windows 7 (x86 and x64) |
October 30, 2008 |
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CS5, CS5 Extended (12.0, 12.1) | White rabbit | Mac OS X 10.5.7 or higher (Intel-based Macs only) Windows XP SP3 to Windows 7 (x86 and x64) |
April 12, 2010 |
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CS6, CS6 Extended (13.0) | Superstition | Mac OS X version 10.6.8 or 10.7 (Intel-based Macs only) Windows XP SP3 (x86 and x64) or higher |
May 11, 2012 |
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CC 2013 | Mac OS X version 10.6.8 or 10.7 (Intel-based Macs only) Windows 7 or higher (x86 and x64) |
June 2013 |
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CC 2014 | Single malt whiskey cat | Mac OS X version 10.7 or higher (Intel-based Macs only) Windows 7 or higher (x86 and x64) |
June 2014 |
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CC 2015 | Dedicated to Thomas and John Knoll (25th Adobe Photoshop anniversary) | Mac OS X version 10.7 or higher (Intel-based Macs only) Windows 7 or higher (x86 and x64) |
June 15, 2015 |
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CC 2015.1 | Project Rigel | Mac OS X version 10.7 or higher (Intel-based Macs only) Windows 7 or higher (x86 and x64) |
November 30, 2015 |
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CC 2015.5 | Haiku | Mac OS X version 10.7 or higher (Intel-based Macs only) Windows 7 or higher (x86 and x64) |
20th June 2016 |
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CC 2017 | Big Rig | November 2, 2016 |
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(19.x) |
CC 2018 White lion | 19th October 2017 | ||
(20.x) |
CC 2019 B Winston | 15th October 2018 |
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(21.x) |
20204th November 2019 |
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Word meanings
The name Photoshop is now used not only as a proper name for the software, but also metonymically as a generic name for a digitally processed image (the name of the software is representative of its product). This usage is often used disparagingly to designate images that have been heavily reworked (possibly excessively).
The word photoshoppen , derived from the proper name Photoshop , is a neologism that actually means 'edit pictures with Photoshop' and in a broader sense can also be understood as 'elaborately digitally edit or change an image' (such as creating photo montages) - regardless of which program is actually used for this purpose ( deonymization ). Adobe opposes the use of the term photoshopping because it would legally undermine or lose value the company's Photoshop brand .
The terms photoshopping and Photoshop as generic names are not generally naturalized, but are common in the technical jargon of those industries that use the software professionally.
Others
In February 2013 Adobe released the source code for Photoshop 1.0. It was posted on the Computer History Museum website and consists of 128,000 lines in 179 files. Both Pascal and assembler served as programming languages . The source text may be viewed at will, but not used commercially.
Since the beginning of 2012, Adobe has been offering an app for iOS and Android under the name Photoshop Touch . Despite the similar name, it has a limited range of functions and essentially has nothing to do with the desktop version.
See also
literature
- Scott Kelby: Scott Kelby's Photoshop CS5 for Digital Photography: Recipes for Success for Digital Photographers . Addison-Wesley, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-8273-2970-7 .
- Maike Jarsetz: The Photoshop book for digital photography. Current to Photoshop CS4 . Galileo Press, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-8362-1244-1 .
- Sibylle Mühlke: Adobe Photoshop CS3. The practical book for learning and looking up . Galileo Press, Bonn 2007, ISBN 978-3-89842-888-0 .
- Winfried Seimert: Adobe Photoshop CS2 - the beginners seminar . redline, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8266-7392-1 .
Web links
- Adobe Photoshop training and support
- Photoshop User Guide
- Adobe Photoshop: Germany , Austria , German-speaking Switzerland
- Official Photoshop website (English)
- The History of Photoshop (development up to program version 1; English)
- Screenshots of numerous functions from Photoshop 0.63 to CS2 (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Photoshop desktop. Retrieved July 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Photoshop - system requirements (Mac and Windows). Retrieved February 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Photoshop on the iPad. Retrieved December 14, 2019 .
- ^ Bundeskartellamt 2005: Photoshop dominates the market (PDF; 73 kB), p. 20
- ^ Horst Sondermann: Photoshop in architectural graphics , ISBN 978-3-211-49004-4
- ↑ a b Development of Photoshop ( Memento from March 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ Versions beyond Creative Suite 4 will no longer support Apple's Power PC. Adobe Systems, Inc., accessed on February 11, 2010.
- ↑ Adobe releases three Photoshop Touch apps for the iPad
- ↑ Adobe Creative Cloud: Photoshop will soon only be available as a subscription
- ↑ Adobe Photoshop: Graphics program for the iPad is finally here!
- ↑ Photoshop and CDS. Adobe Systems, Inc., accessed August 11, 2011 .
- ↑ Adobe Support Policies: Supported Product Versions. Adobe Systems, Inc., accessed June 24, 2009 .
- ↑ GPU and OpenGL features and limitations in Photoshop CS4. Adobe Systems, Inc., February 25, 2009, archived from the original on May 5, 2009 ; Retrieved June 24, 2009 .
- ↑ List of tested graphics display cards for Photoshop CS4 ( Memento of March 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photoshop CC 2014: Overview of New Features. Retrieved June 17, 2015 .
- ↑ Photoshop CC 2015: Overview of New Features. Retrieved June 17, 2015 .
- ↑ YouTube. Retrieved January 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Thomas: Photoshop 2020 - All new features at a glance. In: pixelsucht.net. November 5, 2019, accessed on January 31, 2020 (German).
- ↑ Computer History Museum | @CHM: Adobe Photoshop Source Code
- ↑ Jörn Brien: Adobe Photoshop: Source code for very first version published. (No longer available online.) In: t3n magazine . February 15, 2013, archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
- ↑ Björn Greif: Adobe optimizes Photoshop Touch for iPad Mini and 7-inch tablets. In: ZDNet . November 29, 2012, accessed February 27, 2013 .