Picornaviridae

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Picornaviridae
Polio EM PHIL 1875 lores.PNG

Polioviruses in the transmission electron microscope

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Picornavirales
Family : Picornaviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : no
Scientific name
Picornaviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 12058
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 33
ICTVdB Virus Code : 00.052

The family of picornaviruses ( Picornaviridae ) comprises non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, linear RNA with positive polarity as the genome . With a size of 22 to 30 nm, the viruses of this family are among the smallest viruses, which led to the names pico (Latin for very small ) and rna for the genome.

Picornaviruses are found in a wide variety of vertebrates and cause very different diseases, such as: B. a harmless cold , diarrhea , inflammation of the mucous membranes or infections of the central nervous system . The numerous types of picornaviruses are typically divided into many subtypes because they are characterized by a large surface variance and the associated antigenetic variability; so far around 370 types have been classified. Important representatives of the Picornaviridae are, for example, the hepatitis A virus in humans , the poliovirus in the enterovirus genus , the rhinoviruses (the most common pathogens causing colds) and the Coxsackie virus , and the foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals .

morphology

The virions (virus particles) of the Picornaviridae have a round shape and are about 22-30 nm in diameter. They consist of an unenveloped, icosahedral capsid made up of four virus proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. With some virus species, a precursor protein VP0 is still contained in the capsid in small quantities, from which the proteins VP2 and VP4 are formed during the maturation of the particles by proteolytic cleavage . The four structural proteins VP1-4 together form a capsomer in which the VP4 lines the inner capsid side and is associated with the viral RNA via its positively charged amino acid residues . In a picornavirus capsid, 60 capsomeres form an icosahedron ( T = 1 ). The surface of the virion is formed only by the three proteins VP1-3, so that only these are responsible for the antigenetic properties and the division into serotypes .

The picornaviruses are very stable to alcohols ( ethanol , 2-propanol ) and mild detergents (soap) due to the absence of a virus envelope . The species of the genera Enterovirus and Hepatovirus are also stable in the presence of strong detergents and for a long time at pH values below 3.0, which gives them exceptional environmental resistance. Because of this acid stability, the viruses of these two genera are not inactivated by the acidic environment in the stomach ; Therefore, the infection route of these viruses mainly goes through the digestive tract, from which they can also reach other target organs ( CNS , lungs). Enteroviruses are sensitive to drying out and moderate heating (50 ° C). All other acid-labile picornaviruses infect the nasopharynx preferentially through droplet and smear infection . Rhinoviruses are more sensitive; they are only stable at a pH value of 6.0-7.5 and are extremely temperature-sensitive.

The viral genome consists of a single-stranded RNA with positive polarity . The length of the RNA varies between the genera from 7.2 ( rhinoviruses ) to 8.5 ( aphthovirus ) kB . Between two non-coding regions at the 3 'and 5' ends there is a single open reading frame (ORF) for a viral precursor polyprotein which is cleaved into individual virus proteins during translation . At the 3 'end there is a poly-A tail typical of positive-stranded RNA viruses . The RNA segment at the 5 'end in front of the start codon is folded into a complex secondary structure by numerous base pairings within the RNA molecule , which functionally shows the activity of an IRES ( internal ribosomal entry site ). This structure is used to initiate translation on the ribosomes and was first described in picornaviruses.

Systematics

The following system corresponds to the ICTV status of March 2020, supplemented by the proposed division into so-called supergroups (in the rank of subfamilies ) and other proposed categories (in quotation marks). Only a selection of the species is given.

  • Family Picornaviridae
  • "Super group 1"
  • Species Cardiovirus A (with encephalomyocarditis virus = ECM virus, mengovirus )
  • Species Cardiovirus B (with Theiler's murine encephalomyeltits virus = TMEV, Theilovirus)
  • Species Cardiovirus C (with Boone Cardiovirus = BCV)
  • "Super group 2"
  • Species Gallivirus A (with turkey gallivirus alias Turkey gallivirus)
  • Species " Chicken Gallivirus 1 " aka " Chicken gallivirus 1 "
  • Species " Gallivirus Pf-CHK1 / GV "
  • Species " Red-necked stint gallivirus "
  • Genus Kobuvirus
  • Species Aichivirus A
  • Species Aichivirus B
  • Species Aichivirus C
  • Species Aichivirus D
  • Species Aichivirus E
  • Species Aichivirus F
  • Species Megrivirus A (with goose megrivirus alias Goose megrivirus )
  • Species Megrivirus B (with picornavirus HK21)
  • Species Megrivirus C
  • Species Megrivirus D
  • Species Megrivirus E (with Pingiun megrivirus alias Penguin megrivirus )
  • Species turkey hepatitis virus | Melegrivirus A alias turkey hepatitis virus (Turkey hepatitis virus 0091.1; Turkey hepatitis virus 2993D)
  • Species " Avocet megrivirus "
  • Species " Chicken Megrivirus " (aka " Chicken megrivirus ")
  • Species " duck megrivirus " 8 also known as " duck megrivirus ")
  • Species " Pacific black duck megrivirus "
  • Species " Pink-eared duck megrivirus "
  • Species " Red-capped plover megrivirus "
  • Species " turkey Megrivirus " (also known as " Turkey megrivirus ")
  • Genus Oscivirus
  • Species Oscivirus A (with Oscivirus A1; Oscivirus A2):
  • Genus passerivirus
  • Species passerivirus A (with passerivirus A1)
  • Species " Pingu picornavirus " (found in Gentoo penguins ( Pygoscelis papua )
  • Species Rafivirus A (with Tortoise Rafivirus A)
  • Species Rafivirus B
  • Species Rafivirus C (with Hainan gekko similignum picornavirus)
  • Species Rosavirus A (with Rosavirus A1 with Rosavirus M-7; Rosavirus A2)
  • Species Rosavirus B (with Norway rat rosavirus)
  • Species Rosavirus C
  • Species Sakobuvirus A (with Feline sakobuvirus A)
  • Species Salivirus A (with human class virus 1, Salivirus A SZ1, Salivirus CH, 1, Salivirus NG-F1, Salivirus NG-J1, Salivirus SH1)
  • Species Sicinivirus A (with Sicinivirus Pf-CHK1 / SiV)
  • unclassified genus
  • "Super group 3"
  • "Super group 4"
  • "Super group 5"
  • "Super group 6"
  • without assigned supergroup

The Picornaviridae family shares many properties, such as the capsid architecture, the genome organization and phylogenetically very similar viral proteins with other virus families. The entirety of these similar virus groups has been referred to as the picornavirus supergroup . The virus order Picornavirales of the Picornaviridae has since emerged from this group .

swell

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ a b c d Albert Heim: Picornaviruses . In: Sebastian Suerbaum, Gerd-Dieter Burchard, Stefan HE Kaufmann, Thomas F. Schulz (eds.): Medical microbiology and infectious diseases . Springer-Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-48678-8 , pp. 457-458 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-48678-8_55 .
  3. ↑ ViralZone: ICTV 2016 Master Species List # 31 with Acronyms, (Excel XLSX) , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
  4. ↑ Genus super groups , The picornavirus Pages (2006-2019), The Pirbright Institute, UK
  5. ↑ SIB: Cardiovirus , on: ViralZone
  6. ↑ NCBI: Cardiovirus (genus)
  7. ↑ NCBI: Gallivirus (genus)
  8. ↑ a b c d e f William Marciel de Souza, Marcılio Jorge Fumagalli, Matheus Cavalheiro Martin, Jansen de Araujo, Maria Angela Orsi, Luiz Francisco Sanfilippo, Sejal Modha, Edison Luiz Durigon, Jose Luiz Proenca-Modena, Clarice Weis Arns, Pablo Ramiro Murcia, Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo: Pingu virus: A new picornavirus in penguins from Antarctica], in: Virus Evolution 5 (2), 2019, doi: doi: 10.1093 / ve / vez047
  9. ↑ NCBI: Kobuvirus (genus)
  10. ↑ NCBI: Megrivirus (genus)
  11. ↑ NCBI: Oscivirus (genus)
  12. ↑ NCBI: Passerivirus (genus)
  13. ↑ NCBI: Rafivirus (genus)
  14. ↑ NCBI: Rosavirus (genus)
  15. ↑ NCBI: Sakobuvirus (genus)
  16. ↑ NCBI: Salivirus (genus)
  17. ↑ NCBI: Sicinivirus (genus)
  18. ↑ SIB: Hepatovirus , on: ViralZone
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k ICTV: Family - Picornaviridae (2012) and Picornaviridae (2011) , Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
  20. ↑ a b c Nick J. Knowles: A Pan-Picornavirus RT-PCR: Identification of Novel Picornavirus Species , Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK (undated)
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r ABAS : TRBA 462 "Classification of Viruses in Risk Groups" , Technical Rules for Biological Agents, No. 462, GMBl No. 15–20 from 25. April 2012, last change: July 3, 2018
  22. ↑ Thomas J. Divers et al. : New Parvovirus Associated with Serum Hepatitis in Horses after Inoculation of Common Biological Product. In: Emerging infectious diseases. Volume 24, number 2, 02 2018, pp. 303-310, doi : 10.3201 / eid2402.171031 , PMID 29350162 , PMC 5782890 (free full text).
  23. ↑ a b c d e f Avian PLV , on: The Picornavirus Pages
  24. ↑ Sjaak de Wit, Carla Schrier, Gerdy Ten Dam, Yvonne Biermann, Ineke Verstegen, Frans Edens: Detection and characterization of a new astrovirus in chicken and turkeys with enteric and locomotion disorders , in: Avian Pathology, Taylor & Francis, 2011, p . 1ff, doi: 10.1080 / 03079457.2011.596813 , hal-00720583 (preprint)
  25. ↑ SJ Anthony, JA St. Leger, E. Liang, AL Hicks, MD Sanchez-Leon, K. Jain, JH Lefkowitch, I. Navarrete-Macias, N. Knowles, T. Goldstein, K. Pugliares, HS Ip, T. Rowles, and WI Lipkina: Discovery of a Novel Hepatovirus (Phopivirus of Seals) Related to Human Hepatitis A Virus. In: mBio. Volume 6, number 4, August 2015, p. E01180-15, doi : 10.1128 / mBio.01180-15 , PMID 26307166 , PMC 4550696 (free full text).
  26. ^ Andi Krumbholz, Marco Groth, Jan Esefeld, Hans-Ulrich Peter, Roland Zell: Genome Sequence of a Novel Picorna-Like RNA Virus from Feces of the Antarctic Fur Seal (). In: Genome announcements. Volume 5, number 36, September 2017, p., Doi : 10.1128 / genomeA.01001-17 , PMID 28883153 , PMC 5589547 (free full text).
  27. ^ Eugene V. Koonin, Valerian V. Dolja, Mart Krupovic: Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity , in: Virology, May 2015; 479-480. 2-25, PMID 25771806 , PMC 5898234 (free full text).

literature

  • G. Stanway, F. Brown et al. : Picornaviridae. In: CM Fauquet, MA Mayo et al .: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , London, San Diego, 2005, pp. 757-778
  • David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, et al. (Ed.): Fields' Virology, 4th Edition, Philadelphia 2001
  • S. Mordow, D. Falke: Molecular Virology , Spectrum Akad. Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 1997

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