Platynereis dumerilii

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Platynereis dumerilii
Atoker worm from Platynereis dumerilii swimming in a petri dish

Atoker worm from Platynereis dumerilii swimming in a petri dish

Systematics
Subclass : Palpata
Order : Aciculata
Subordination : Phyllodocida
Family : Nereididae
Genre : Platynereis
Type : Platynereis dumerilii
Scientific name
Platynereis dumerilii
( Audouin & Milne Edwards , 1834)
Female epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii , colored yellow by the eggs it contains
Male epitoke of Platynereis dumerilii , stained white in front by sperm, stained red in back by blood containing hemoglobin

Platynereis dumerilii belongs to the group of bristle worms . The species was first classified in the genus Nereis and laterassigned to Platynereis . Platynereis dumerilii lives in temperate to tropical zones in coastal marine waters, and can be found in many places: In the Azores , in the Mediterranean , in the North Sea , in the English Channel and in the Atlantic all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope , in the Black Sea , in the The Red Sea , the Persian Gulf , the Japanese Sea , the Pacific and the Kerguelen . Platynereis dumerilii is an important laboratory animal today, is considered a living fossil and isviewed as a model organismfor many phylogenetic studies. Platynereis dumerilii is 3 to 18 months old, the males are 2 to 3 cm long, the females 3 to 4 cm.

Habitat

Platynereis dumerilii worms build living tubes on their substrate . The substrate may algae-covered hard floors, seagrass , rafts of pelagic Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea or even be rotting plant remains. Platynereis dumerilii usually lives at a depth of 0 to 5 m and is therefore typical of shallow, bright infra- littoral environments. But Platynereis dumerilii was also found on a buoy at 50 m and on rotting seaweed at 100 m and can also live in less favorable environments, such as. B. on hydrothermal smokers or in polluted areas near sewage discharges. Platynereis dumerilii dominates polluted and acidic areas with pH values ​​around 6.5. This is the preferred pH of a subpopulation of nectochaete larvae of Platynereis dumerilii .

Reproduction and development

Platynereis dumerilii is separate sexes : When mating , the male circles the female , while the female swims in small circles. Both add eggs and sperm into the water, which is triggered by sexual pheromones . The eggs are fertilized in the water outside the body . Like other nereidids, Platynereis dumerilii has no segmental gonads : the egg cells mature freely swimming in the body cavity ( coelom ) and color the body of the mature female yellow.

Platynereis dumerilii develops very stereotypically between clutches and therefore time can be used to determine the stage of the larvae of Platynereis dumerilii . However, the temperature greatly affects the development rate. Therefore the following development times apply to 18 ° C:

After 24 hours of hatching from a fertilized egg, a Trochophora larva, with 48 hours Metatrochophora is. Both trochophora and metatrochophora swim in the water with a lash line and are positive phototactic . In addition to the larval eyes, the Metatrochophora already has the facilities for the more complexly built definite eyes of the adult worm. One day later, at 72 hours, the metatrochophora becomes a nectochaete larva. The nectochaete larva already has three segments, each with a pair of parapodia that carry bristles that are used for locomotion. The nectochaete larva can switch between positive and negative phototaxis. Five to seven days after fertilization, the larvae begin to eat and develop at an individual speed depending on the food available. After three to four weeks, when six segments have been formed, the head forms with the antennae and mouthparts.

Photoreceptor cells

Platynereis dumerilii larvae have two types of photoreceptor cells : rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells.

The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located deep in the larval brain. They are not shaded by pigment , so they perceive light from all sides. Molecularly and morphologically they resemble the cones and rods of the human eye and also express a ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of the rods and cones of vertebrates than the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. From this it is concluded that the Urbilaterium , the last common ancestor of molluscs , arthropods and vertebrates , already possessed ciliary phototreceptor cells. The ciliary opsin is UV- sensitive (λ max = 383 nm), therefore the ciliary photoreceptor cells react to undirected UV light and let the larvae swim downwards. This, with phototaxis from the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes, forms a color-based depth gauge .

A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell and a pigment cell form a simple eye. A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Trochophora larva of Platynereis dumerilii . In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex definite eyes. The definite eyes express at least three opsins: two rhabdomeric opsins and one go-opsin. The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all in the same way through depolarization, although a mussel go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize .

Genome

The genome of Platynereis dumerilii is diploid (2n chromosomes ) and has a haploid set of n = 14 chromosomes. It contains approximately 1 Gbp (gigabyte base pairs) or 10 9 base pairs. This genome size is close to the average observed for other animals. Compared to many classic invertebrate molecular model organisms , this genome is rather large and therefore a challenge to identify gene regulatory elements that may be far removed from the corresponding promoter . But it is intron-rich , unlike the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, and consequently more closely resembles vertebrate genomes, including the human genome.

literature

  • Carl Hauenschild, Albrecht Fischer : Platynereis dumerilii. Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1969 ISBN 3-437-30097-0
  • Tilman Harder: Isolation and structure elucidation of a sex pheromone of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta). Tectum Verlag, 1997 ISBN 3-89608-099-7

Visual media

  • Fischer, Albrecht (Mainz): The sea ringworm Platynereis dumerilii: A laboratory animal introduces itself. Jürgen Kaeding (camera, editor); Thomas Spielböck (DVD authoring); Verena Dietrich (editor); Walter Stickan (project leader). Dvd video; F, 26 min; available languages: mute. doi : 10.3203 / IWF / C-12740

Web links

Commons : Platynereis dumerilii  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  32. ↑ a b Nadine Randel, Albina Asadulina, Luis A Bezares-Calderón, Csaba Verasztó, Elizabeth A Williams, Markus Conzelmann, Réza Shahidi, Gáspár Jékely: Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation . In: eLife . 3, May 27, 2014. doi : 10.7554 / eLife.02730 .
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