Clods

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under clods (disambiguation) .

Clods
Flounder ( Platichthys flesus )
Systematics
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii) Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae) Carangaria Order : Carangiformes Partial order : Flatfish (Pleuronectoideo) Family : Clods
Scientific name
Pleuronectidae
Cuvier , 1816

The plaice or right-eyed flounder (Pleuronectidae) are a family of flatfish . Plaice live in the Atlantic , Indo-Pacific and Arctic Oceans from shallow water to a depth of 1000 meters. Some species also live in fresh water . Many species of plaice, such as plaice , halibut , black halibut and flounder, are popular edible fish and are fished commercially.

features

Both eyes are on the right side of the body. The flounders are an exception, and there are also specimens that have both eyes on the left side. The lower jaw protrudes over the upper jaw. Clods can adapt the color of their pigmented upper side to the substrate. The dorsal fin begins on the head above the upper eye. The pelvic fins are symmetrical. Adults do not have a swim bladder . The lateral line organ is well developed on both sides of the body. With the exception of two species, the yolk of the plaice eggs does not contain a drop of oil.

Plaice predatory feed on fish and larger invertebrates .

Systematics

Within the flatfish, plaice belong to the suborder Pleuronectoidei . The subfamilies Paralichthodinae , Poecilopsettinae and Rhombosoleinae , which were previously placed in the clods, are now ranked as independent families in many classifications. The sister group of the plaice are part of the polyphyletic pseudobut (Paralichthyidae).

Genera and species

There are about 60 species in more than 20 genera and five subfamilies:

• Subfamily Atheresthinae Vinnikov, Thomson, Munroe, 2018 .
  • Genus Atheresthes
    

    Atheresthes stomias
    • Atheresthes evermanni Jordan & Starks, 1904 .
    • Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) .
• Subfamily Pleuronichthyinae Vinnikov, Thomson, Munroe, 2018 .
  • Genus Pleuronichthys
    • Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard , 1854 .
    • Pleuronichthys cornutus ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1846) .
    • Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881 .
    • Pleuronichthys lighti Wu, 1929 .
    • Pleuronichthys ocellatus Starks & Thompson, 1910 .
    • Pleuronichthys ritteri Starks & Morris, 1907 .
    • Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 .
• Subfamily Microstominae Vinnikov, Thomson, Munroe, 2018 .
  • Genus Glyptocephalus
    

    Dog's Tongue ( Glyptocephalus cynoglossus )
    • Dog's tongue ( Glyptocephalus cynoglossus ) ( Linnaeus , 1758)
    • Glyptocephalus kitaharae (Jordan & Starks, 1904) .
    • Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904) .
    • Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, 1879 .
  • Genus Microstomus
    

    Snot tongue
    ( Microstomus kitt )
    

    Pacific red tongue ( Microstomus pacificus )
    • Microstomus achne ( Jordan & Starks, 1904) .
    • Microstomus bathybius (Gilbert, 1890) .
    • Snot tongue ( Microstomus kitt ) ( Walbaum , 1792)
    • Pacific red tongue ( Microstomus pacificus ) (Lockington, 1879) .
    • Microstomus shuntovi Borets, 1983 .
• Subfamily Hippoglossinae Gill, 1864 .
  • Genus Clidoderma
    • Clidoderma asperrimum ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1846) .
  • Genus Eopsetta
    • Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein, 1890) .
    • Eopsetta jordani (Lockington, 1879) .
  • Genus Hippoglossus
    • Halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) .
    • Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis ) Schmidt, 1904 .
  • Genus Lyopsetta
    • Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) .
  • Genus Reinhardtius
    • Black halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ) ( Walbaum , 1792)
  • Genus Verasper
    • Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert, 1898 .
    • Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) .
• Subfamily Pleuronectinae Rafinesque, 1815 .
  • Tribus Hippoglossoidini Cooper and Chapleau, 1998 .
    • Genus Acanthopsetta
      • Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt, 1904 .
    • Genus Cleisthenes
      • Cleisthenes herzensteini (Schmidt, 1904) .
      • Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan & Starks, 1904 .
    • Genus Dexistes
      • Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904 .
    • Genus Hippoglossoides
      

      Hippoglossoides robustus
      • Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt, 1904 .
      • Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 .
      • Great Dane Shard ( Hippoglossoides platessoides ) (Fabricius, 1780)
      • Hippoglossoides robustus Gill & Townsend, 1897 .
    • Genus Limanda
      

      Dab ( Limanda limanda )
      • Pacific dab ( Limanda aspera ) ( Pallas , 1814) .
      • Dab ( Limanda limanda ) ( Linnaeus , 1758)
      • Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs, 1915 .
  • Tribus Pleuronectini Nelson, 1984 .
    • Isopsetta genus
      • Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington, 1880) .
    • Genus Lepidopsetta
      • Lepidopsetta bilineata ( Ayres , 1855) .
      • Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder, 1911 .
      • Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr & Matarese, 2000 .
    • Genus Liopsetta
      • Arctic flounder ( Liopsetta glacialis ) ( Pallas , 1776) .
      • Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Norman, 1926) .
      • Liopsetta putnami ( Gill , 1864) .
    • Genus Myzopsetta Gill, 1861 .
      • Yellow-tailed flounder ( Myzopsetta ferruginea ) (Storer, 1839) .
      • Myzopsetta proboscidea (Gilbert, 1896) .
      • Myzopsetta punctatissimus ( Steindachner , 1879) .
    • Genus Parophrys
      • Parophrys vetulus Girard , 1854 .
    • Genus flounder ( Platichthys )
      

      Star flounder
      ( Platichthys stellatus )
      • Platichthys bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855) .
      • Flounder ( Platichthys flesus ) (Linnaeus, 1758) .
      • Star flounder ( Platichthys stellatus ) (Pallas, 1788) .
      • Platichthys solemdali Momigliano et al., 2018 .
    • Genus Pleuronectes
      

      Plaice
      ( Pleuronectes platessa )
      • Plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ) Linnaeus, 1758 .
      • Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814 .
    • Genus Pseudopleuronectes
      • Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Gill, 1864) .
      • Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Schmidt, 1904) .
      • Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Herzenstein, 1890) .
      • Pseudopleuronectes schrenki (Schmidt, 1904) .
      • Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae ( Günther , 1877) .
    • Genus Psettichthys
      • Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, 1854 .

literature

• Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ et al. 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
• Kurt Fiedler: Fish (= textbook of special zoology. Vol. 2: Vertebrates. Part. 2). Gustav Fischer, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00338-8 .

supporting documents

1. ↑ Kirill A. Vinnikov, Robert C. Thomson, Thomas A. Munroe: Revised Classification of the Righteye Flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) Based on Multilocus Phylogeny with Complete Taxon Sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, March 2018, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.03.014 , Link

Web links

Commons : Schollen  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Plaice on Fishbase.org (English)