Psychotria solitudinum
| Psychotria solitudinum | ||||||||||||
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Psychotria solitudinum , flowering branch |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Psychotria solitudinum | ||||||||||||
| Standl. |
Psychotria solitudinum is a Strauchart of the family Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae), which in the southern Central America and the north-western South America occurs.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Psychotria solitudinum is a 2–6 m high, branchy shrub. The leafy branches are blunt, square, glabrous and 2–6 mm thick, with mostly slightly thickened nodes . As a rule, they turn yellowish green as they dry out. The stipules of against constantly seated at the same node leaves in pairs grow together to "Interpetiolarstipeln" that are further fused with each other mostly to stalk comprehensive, 2-4 mm long sheath. They are 2–6 mm long and 2–5 mm wide, have an elongated to ovoid shape and are rounded at the front with two short, 0.5–1 mm long, triangular to narrowly triangular, pointed lobes separated by a small indentation. The stipules remain for a long time. The petiole is 7–25 (–50) mm long, 1–2 mm thick and becomes yellowish when dry. The simple, undivided leaf blade is elliptical to oblong-elliptical, ovate or obovate, (5–) 9–23 (–30) cm long and (2–) 3.5–11 (–14) cm wide. It is usually two-colored, greyish green on top and becomes parchment-like when it dries up. The blade has a pointed to bluntly wedge-shaped base, which often runs down a bit on the petiole, and is usually pointed at the front in a 5–15 mm long, straight or sickle tip. The leaf blade is pinnate with 10–18 lateral nerves on each side that do not protrude above and branch off at approximately right angles from the slightly protruding midrib above and below and join in an arc near the spreading margin to form a nerve accompanying the margin. There are no acarodomaties in the nerve corners . The stipules, petioles and upper sides of the leaf blades are glabrous, the undersides are also glabrous or have hairs on both sides along the midrib, some 0.2-0.6 mm long.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescences stand on 2–9 cm long and 2 mm thick, glabrous or short downy-haired stems individually at the ends of the branches. It is 8–20 (–26) cm long and 5–15 (–20) cm wide, pyramidal panicles with green , short hairy branches that are sometimes purple at the time of fruiting . The panicles are about as long or slightly shorter than the top leaves. They each have two opposite, loosely arranged, widely protruding main branches at the 2–4 lower nodes, which are often forked in the lower half and branched too zymologically towards their ends , with a zigzag-like appearance. At the time of fruiting, the branches lengthen somewhat and are then stretched like spikes. The mostly sessile flowers are clustered singly or in twos or threes. The ovate to narrow triangular, blunt to pointed bracts of the panicle branches are up to 5 mm long, the prophylls towards the branch ends 1–3 mm long.
The radial symmetry , hermaphrodite flowers are distyle and proterandric . The upside-down conical flower cup is approx. 1 mm long. The sepals are fused to form a 1–1.5 mm long edge, which is trimmed at the top or has only weakly differentiated, wavy tips. The white, light green to yellow, five-fold crown has bloomed a funnel-shaped to urn-shaped shape. In the bud state it has five humps at the top. The (4–) 5.5–6 mm long corolla-tube has a diameter of 0.7–1.5 mm at the base and 2–3.5 mm at the top. The 1–1.5 (–2) mm long, triangular, flap-like , pointed corolla lobes, when young, have a nose-like, approx. 1 mm long, densely hairy protrusion on the outside of the tip. The flower cup, calyx and crown are densely covered on the outside with white, 0.2-0.5 mm long downy hairs or even balding. On the inside, the crown is almost completely bald and only has short hairs on the base. The five stamens are inserted alternately with the corolla lobes standing in the corolla tube and hidden in it. The elongated anthers open lengthways. In long-styled flowers the anthers are about 1.5 mm long and are located in the lower half of the corolla tube, in short-styled flowers they are about 2 mm long and are located in the upper half of the corolla tube. The subordinate ovary is twofold. There is a single basal ovule in each subject . Two finger-shaped scars about 1 mm long sit on the short stylus . In long-styled flowers the stigmas are in the throat of the crown, in short-styled flowers they are enclosed in the corolla tube and are halfway along or below the corolla tube. The stylus base is surrounded by a ring-shaped disc .
The fruits are fleshy drupes . They are - without the remains of the calyx - about 4 mm long, 4–5 mm wide and flattened, spherical to inverted. They are initially bluish or purple in color and finally black. The fruits are hairy or fluffy short. At the top there is an approximately 1 mm high calyx remnant. The two hard, single-fan stone cores have a longitudinal furrow on the flat inside and have 4–5 pointed to blunt ribs on the rounded outside. They contain a single ellipsoidal seed .
The plant blooms from January to August and fruit from March to September.
distribution and habitat
Psychotria solitudinum is distributed in Costa Rica and Panama as well as along the Andes from western Colombia to the eastern foot of the Andes in Peru . In Costa Rica it occurs almost exclusively in the southern half of the country's Pacific slope. It grows there from sea level to about 800 (–1400) m above sea level . In Colombia and Peru it is also known from higher altitudes up to about 1800 m above sea level.
The species grows in humid tropical rainforests .
Taxonomy and systematics
Psychotria solitudinum was described in 1940 by the American botanist Paul Carpenter Standley . The first description was based on collections of the American botanist and ornithologist Alexander Frank Skutch , which he had made in the vicinity of the city of San Isidro de El General in Costa Rica.
A similar looking and probably related species is Psychotria angustiflora K. Krause .
Psychotria solitudinum belongs to the subgenus Heteropsychotria . A molecular biological investigation based on ITS sequences and a sequence from the chloroplast genome ( rbcL ) has shown that the subgenus Heteropsychotria is not the sister group of the other parts of the genus Psychotria . In contrast, in this study it formed a clade in which the examined species of the genus Palicourea were embedded. This clade was also the sister group of a clade that included various other genera of the tribe Psychotrieae . A reorganization of the genus Psychotria and a shift from Psychotria solitudinum to the genus Palicourea , as has already been done for the Mexican species of the subgenus, is to be expected in the near future.
etymology
The specific epithet solitudinum is the genitive plural of Latin solitudo ( loneliness , uninhabited land ). In the first description there is no indication of why this name was chosen. The generic name Psychotria can be derived from the two ancient Greek words ψυχή ( psychḗ , dt. Soul ) and τροφή ( trophḗ , dt. Food ). The name refers to the similarity of the stone kernels ("seeds") with those of coffee ( Coffea ) and the stimulating effect of the drink made from them.
swell
- Burger W., Taylor CM 1993: Family # 202 Rubiaceae. In: Burger W. (Ed.): Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Botany, ns 33: 1-333. - p. 273 - Online
- Dwyer JD 1980: Family 179. Rubiaceae - Part II. In: Woodson RE & Schery RW (Eds.): Flora of Panama. Part IX. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 67: 257-522. - p. 430 - online
- Taylor CM 2012: 92. Psychotria L. In: Davidse G., Sousa Sánchez M., Knapp S., Chiang Cabrera F., Ulloa Ulloa C. (Eds.): Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 4 (2): Rubiaceae a Verbenaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, The Natural History Museum, London, ISBN 978-1-935641-08-7 . - Psychotria solitudinum - Online
Individual evidence
- ↑ Psychotria solitudinum , Herbarium evidence at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 27, 2013.
- ^ A b Standley PC 1940: Studies of American plants - XI. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 22 (3): 133-218. - p. 207 - online
- ↑ Holotype of Psychotria solitudinum. In: Botany Collections database. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, accessed April 27, 2013 .
- ^ Nepokroeff M., Bremer B., Sytsma KJ 1999: Reorganization of the genus Psychotria and tribe Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae) inferred from ITS and rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 24: 5-27. - PDF
- ↑ Borhidi A. 2011: Transfer of the Mexican species of Psychotria subgen. Heteropsychotria to Palicourea based on morphological and molecular evidences. Acta Botanica Hungarica 53: 241-250. - doi : 10.1556 / ABot.53.2011.3-4.4
- ^ Wong KM 1989: 39. Psychotria Linn. In: Ng FSP (Ed.): Tree Flora of Malaya. A manual for Foresters. Vol. 4. Longman, Petaling Jaya, ISBN 967-976-202-5 , pp. 396-399.
