Red tooth rust

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Red tooth rust
Red tooth rust (Odontites vulgaris)

Red tooth rust ( Odontites vulgaris )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Summer root family (Orobanchaceae)
Genre : Tooth racks
Type : Red tooth rust
Scientific name
Odontites vulgaris
Monk

The red tooth rust ( Odontites vulgaris Moench ) belongs to the genus of the tooth rust ( Odontites ) in the family of the summer root plants (Orobanchaceae). Other German names are Später Roter Zahntrost , Herbst-Zahntrost , Roter Augentrost .

description

This semi-parasite (semi-parasite) is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 60 cm and is hairy whitish everywhere. The stem is upright, symmetrically branched, weakly square. The opposite, sessile leaves are lanceolate, 1 to 4.5 cm long, 0.3 to 1 cm wide and have a few coarse teeth.

The zygomorphic , reddish flowers are arranged in a one-sided cluster , each individually in the leaf axes. They have a short (about 2 mm) long stem and are about 10 to 12 mm long in total. The cup is bell-shaped, the upper lip is shaped like a helmet, significantly longer than the lower lip, which is clearly three-part. Bloom time is July – September. Elongated capsule fruits are formed that are 4 to 7 mm long. The ellipsoid seeds are 1.5 mm long.

Part of an inflorescence
Flowers in profile

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.

ecology

The red tooth rust is an annual semi - parasite that parasites on various meadow plants with suction organs, so-called haustoria . The seeds germinate only in the area of ​​influence of the host and the plant shows seasonal dimorphism . Recent studies report a remarkable horizontal gene transfer between parasites and host plants, e.g. B. from the exchange of mitochondrial genes between the z. B. with Odontites related Alpenhelm, Bartsia and Andean genera Plantago . In this context, a comparison with more recent findings in the human area is remarkable. Here it has been found that there is often an exchange of cells between the embryo in the uterus and the rest of the womb. As a result, tissue can develop there, the cells of which also contain half a set of chromosomes from the producer. Such foreign tissues can lead to both positive and negative developments.

The flowers are strictly female "throat flowers with scattering device". Pollinators are relatives of bees, and spontaneous self-pollination also occurs . Flowering time is from July to September. Because of this relatively late flowering period, the species is important for wild bees ; so is z. B. the late-flying sawhorn bee, Melitta tricincta, specializes in Odontite species.

The fruits are scatter capsules that open when it is dry and act as wind spreaders. In addition, there is random propagation z. B. by ducks and quail . The seeds are relatively large with a length of 1.7 mm. Fruit ripening is from July.

Distribution and location

This plant species is distributed in Eurasian : ( Europe , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Russia , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan, Kashmir, China ). It grows in pastures, on watercourses and paths, but not in fields. It is a character type of the association of fat willows (Cynosurion), but also occurs in societies of the association Agropyro-Rumicion. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises between Oberjoch and the border to an altitude of 1,100 meters.

Systematics

The red tooth rust ( Odontites vulgaris Moench ) has the following synonyms: Euphrasia odontites L. , Euphrasia serotina Lam. , Odontites serotinus (Lam.) Dum. , Odontites ruber (Baumg.) Opiz

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Odontites vulgaris Moench subsp. vulgaris : It occurs in Eurasia, but is absent in northern Africa. In North America it is a neophyte.
  • Odontites vulgaris subsp. himalayicus (Pennell) Bolliger (Syn .: Odontites himalayicus Pennell ): It occurs in Afghanistan and Kashmir.
  • Odontites vulgaris subsp. mesatlanticus (Emb. & Maire) Bolliger (Syn .: Odontites mesatlanticus Emb. & Maire ): It occurs in the Middle Atlas of Morocco.
  • Odontites vulgaris subsp. siculus (Guss.) Bolliger (Syn .: Euphrasia serotina var. sicula Guss. ): It occurs in Sicily, Albania and northern Greece.

Common names

For the red tooth rust exist or existed also the other German-language trivial names : brown eyebright, red eyebright, Kleinheide ( Oldenbrok ), wild day and night ( Silesia ), forest deer and tooth rust ( Switzerland , Silesia).

literature

  • Markus Bolliger: Monograph of the genus Odontites (Scrophulariaceae) and the related genera Macrosyringion, Odontitella, Bornmuellerantha and Bartsiella . In: Willdenowia: Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem , Volume 26, 1996. pp. 37-168. (Online: Part 1 (PDF; 2.4 MB), Part 2 (PDF; 1.2 MB), Part 3 (PDF; 1.2 MB), Part 4 ; PDF; 2.1 MB) (Section: Systematics )
  • Agnes Scheunert, Andreas Fleischmann, Catalina Olano-Marín, Christian Bräuchler, Günther Heubl: Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts , In: Taxon , Volume 61, Issue 6, 2012 , Pp. 1269-1285.
  • Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names . 3. Stuttgart, Wiesbaden 1977 (Reprint: Stuttgart 2000. ISBN 3-88059-982-3 ).
  • Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 16th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-5080-8 .
  • I. Natkevičaitė-Ivanauskienė et al .: Lietuvos TSR flora . V. Vilnius 1976.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 851 .
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 466.
  3. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 148. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Red tooth rust ( Odontites vulgaris )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files