Tamarins

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tamarins
Brown-backed tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis)

Brown-backed tamarin ( Leontocebus fuscicollis )

Systematics
Order : Primates (Primates)
Subordination : Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order : Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank: New World Monkey (Platyrrhini)
Family : Marmosets (Callitrichidae)
Tribe : Tamarins
Scientific name
Saguinini
JE Gray , 1825
Emperor Mustache Tamarin ( Saguinus imperator )

The tamarins (Saguinini) are a genus group from the primate family of the marmosets (Callitrichidae). It consists of the two genera Leontocebus and Saguinus and includes 22 species that occur in southern Central and South America.

features

Like all marmosets, tamarins are relatively small primates. They reach a head body length of 18 to 31 centimeters and a tail length of 25 to 44 centimeters. The weight is 300 to 600 grams. The individual species differ considerably in their appearance. In addition to some dark types, there are also black, brown or white patterned ones. Typical for some species are the mustache-like hair on the face, a mop of hair or a contrasting coloration of the rear trunk. The limbs are rather short, as with all marmosets there are claws instead of nails on the fingers and toes (with the exception of the big toe). They differ from the marmosets , the second large group of marmosets, in that the lower canines are significantly longer than the incisors and the teeth are therefore less suitable for gnawing the tree bark.

distribution and habitat

Most tamarins live in the Amazon Basin in South America , from eastern Ecuador and northern Bolivia to northeastern Brazil . An isolated group, the oedipus species group, lives in Panama and north-western Colombia . Their habitat are tropical rainforests and open forest areas. They prefer areas densely covered with undergrowth such as secondary forests or forest edge areas.

Way of life

Two-colored tamarin ( Saguinus bicolor )

Tamarins are diurnal tree dwellers. In the branches they move on all fours or jumping, thanks to their claws they can also climb vertical tree trunks.

They live in groups of around two to eight animals. Groups are made up of one or more males, one or more females and their pups, but the group composition can change. Each group lives in a fixed area, but the areas can overlap with those of neighboring groups.

Sometimes different species of tamarin socialize. The reasons for this are presumably to be found in an improved detection of predators.

food

Tamarins are omnivores that feed primarily on fruits and insects. To a lesser extent, they also consume other parts of plants such as flowers and nectar, as well as small vertebrates and bird eggs. In some places they look for holes in the tree bark that have been gnawed by marmosets to get to tree sap - they cannot gnaw holes themselves. The seeds ingested with the fruits are, as observations on the black-forehead and mustache tamarin showed, spread by the animals and thus also reach secondary surfaces. As a result, the tamarins can be seen as important propagators of plants that indirectly contribute to the reforestation of cleared areas.

Reproduction

If there are several adult females in a group, usually only the dominant one will reproduce and ovulation of the other females will be suppressed. If there are several males in the group, the female mates with all of them ( polyandry ). Dizygoti twins are usually born after a gestation period of around 140 to 150 days. These are very large and reach around 25% of the mother's weight at birth. The males and the rest of the group take care of the young, they carry and occupy themselves with them and give them to the mother only to suckle.

After about a month, the boys begin to eat, they are finally weaned at two to three months and sexually mature in the second year of life. In human care, tamarins can live up to 25 years.

Danger

Like many forest dwellers in Central and South America, the tamarins suffer from habitat loss. Three species, the Lisztaffe , the white-footed tamarin and the two-colored tamarin are classified by the IUCN as "critically endangered" or "critically endangered".

Systematics

A total of 22 species of tamarins are recognized today. The common ancestral form of the tamarins separated from the evolutionary line leading to the marmosets and lion tamarins ( Leontopithecus ) about 14 million years ago , and split into two clades about 11 to 8 million years ago . The first forms the genus Leontocebus , the second the genus Saguinus . The latter consists of four species groups found in different regions.

The jumping tamarin does not belong to the tamarins zoologically, but forms its own genus ( Callimico ).

Phylogenetic systematics of the tamarins
 Tamarins 

Leontocebus


 Saguinus 

mystax group


   

oedipus group


   

midas group


   

bicolor  group






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Genus Leontocebus

Genus Saguinus

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eckhard W. Heymann, Laurence Culot, Christoph Knogge, Andrew C. Smith, Emérita R. Tirado Herrera, Brita Müller, Mojca Stojan-Dolar, Yvan Ledo-Ferrer, Petra Kubisch, Denis Kupsch, Darja Slana, Mareike Lena Koopmann, Birgit Ziegenhagen, Ronald Bialozyt, Christina Mengel, Julien Hambuckers and Katrin Heer: Small neotropical primates promote the natural regeneration of anthropogenically disturbed areas. Scientific Reports 9, 2019, p. 10356, doi: 10.1038 / s41598-019-46683-x
  2. ^ Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson : Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3. Pages 322-341, ISBN 978-8496553897
  3. ^ Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 at ITIS
  4. ^ Christian Matauschek, Christian Roos & Eckhard W. Heymann: Mitochondrial phylogeny of tamarins ( Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807) with taxonomic and biogeographic implications for the S. nigricollis species group. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 144, Issue 4, DOI: 10.1002 / ajpa.21445 , page 45.
  5. ^ A b Anthony B. Rylands, Eckhard W. Heymann, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Janet C. Buckner, Christian Roos, Christian Matauschek, Jean P. Boubli, Ricardo Sampaio and Russell A. Mittermeier. 2016. Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. DOI: 10.1111 / zoj.12386
  6. ↑ Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) at ITIS
  7. ↑ Janet C. Buckner , Jessica Lynch Alfaro , Anthony B. Rylands , Michael E. Alfaro : Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1055-7903, 2014 Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.04.031
  8. ↑ a b c d Christian Matauschek: Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of Tamarins (Genus Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807). Page 5, University of Göttingen, 2010
  9. ↑ Gregorin, R .; De Vivo, M. 2013: Revalidation of Saguinus ursula Hoffmannsegg (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae). Zootaxa , 3721 (2): 172-182. doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.3721.2.4