Salt production in Hausen

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Hausener graduation tower

This article covers the salt production in Hausen , a district of the Bavarian Lower Franconia nearby spa town of Bad Kissingen , the district town of the district of Bad Kissingen .

Beginnings

Detail from the fresco “Battle of the Hermundurs and Katten for the salt springs at Kissingen 58 after Christ” by Johann Georg Hiltensperger .

Salt production in the Franconian Saale has been guaranteed long before the Hausener salt works were built. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that in AD 58 two Germanic tribes fought over a border river that was important for the production of salt; however, it has not been clearly established whether this report refers to the von Hausen region.

For the year 823, several donations of springs and salt works by private landlords to the Fulda monastery are documented. In this context we know of the existence of two "salinae" near Kissingen. One of these springs was located near the Rakoczy and Pandur springs, was forgotten in the 16th century and became part of the Saale river. The other source, known as "fons ebulliens" (Latin: "rising source"), was located near the round fountain at the Hausener saltworks (after 823 this saltworks was only given to the Hausen monastery in 1250 as a gift guaranteed and was no longer particularly profitable around 1555, the year the monastery was dissolved). This spring dried up at the beginning of the 19th century.

First attempt under Prince-Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg

In 1559, Prince-Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg decided to set up a salt boiler in Hausen and made contact with the traders Kaspar Seiler ( Augsburg ) and Berthold Holzschuhmacher ( Nuremberg ). On September 30, 1562, a contract was signed that provided both businessmen as tenants of the salt works for the next 40 years, the construction of which began in 1563 at today's Lower Saline in Hausen. But despite the use of the straw grading, which was innovative at the time (it was used here for the first time), the salt works did not generate the desired profit, so that Kaspar Seiler and Berthold Holzschuhmacher canceled the lease again in 1570; the housing estate planned as part of this project for the workers of the salt works never came about.

Another attempt by Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn

In autumn 1575, under Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn , Wirsing's successor as Prince-Bishop, the wealthy citizen Jobst Deichmann from Münnerstadt tried to become the leaseholder of the salt works. He planned to use the lower and the upper salt well near Hausen profitably. The contract dated December 6, 1575 between Deichmann and the Würzburg monastery granted the Münnerstadt resident the lower salt well and provided for an annual lease of 50  florins . Deichmann's efforts to technically optimize the salt boiling yield made the project a success. Even after Deichmann's death on March 15, 1593 in Münnerstadt, salt boiling brought prosperity to the Würzburg monastery, so that in 1606 the increased yield led to an increase in the annual rent for the salt works to 180 florins.

Revival under Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn

The salt boiling system in Hausen came to a standstill during the Thirty Years' War . Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn decided to revive it and in 1655 had the dilapidated fountain house torn down and the spring cleaned. In 1725 lightning destroyed the ironworks of the salt works; in its place is now the Gasthaus Zum Adler . The newly built well house, like the later drilling tower, which was built as part of the revival of salt production in Hausen in 1764, was named Schönbornturm ; The steelworks existed in this form until 1738. The associated Schönbornsprudel , also named after the Prince-Bishop, was already used for salt production during the Thirty Years' War.

When the Rákóczi and Pandur springs were recalculated in 1738, this also brought new impetus to the Lower Saline , which has been expressed, for example, since 1740 by the use of a modern water wheel to draw salt water from the Saale. On January 7, 1757, the prince-bishop's councilor Johann Michael Schambach became the new tenant of the flourishing salt works. However, when the annual yield of 13,000 to 14,000 quintals was not enough to meet demand, Schambach sent a delegation to the salt pans in Offenau am Neckar in search of ideas for improving the Hausen salt works .

Salt production under Prince-Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim

The Upper Saline (1767)
The Lower Saline ; East view (1788)

The Hausener saltworks flourished again when Prince-Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim , building on the plans of his predecessor as Prince-Bishop and uncle Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim , repaired it. In addition, on June 18, 1763, Seinsheim decided to build a new saltworks hut near the Hausen monastery; Construction began on March 1, 1764. On June 6, 1764, the driving down of the Schönbornsprudels began, which until December 12, 1764 could deliver more than 10,500 quintals of salt per year. At the same time, two new graduation towers were built below the Hausen monastery and a canal was built and expanded; this began between Kleinbrach and Großenbrach and ended at the level of the Upper Saline in the Saale. At the same time as the canal, the so-called Gefluter , an iron channel above the Saale between Kleinbrach and Großenbrach, was built through which the canal branching off from the Saale at the fortified house flowed. In 1946 the floodplain was destroyed by ice drift and then scrapped.

The generalsalinenkasse of a saline company founded by 40 shareholders produced 180,000 florins by April 25, 1768. However, the Hochstift's salt requirement of up to 80,000 hundredweight per year could not be covered with the proceeds of the Schönbornsprudels. Mismanagement by the bishops and excessively high salt prices worsened the situation for Hausen, so that in 1769 a trade agreement was reached that enabled the Electorate of Bavaria to import salt and obtain wine from Würzburg. But the measure turned out to be a failure, so that with an income of 16,000 guilders per year, they returned to the means of leasing.

From 1767, massive stone apartments were built on the Upper Saline (which was also named Friedrichshall in honor of Prince Bishop Seinsheim ). The house chapel of Prince-Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim, which later became Bismarck's apartment, was one of the new buildings . During this time, the Upper Saline had its own drinking water supply, its own school and its own priest. At the order of the Prince-Bishop, an extension to the central building of the Upper Saline in the form of a pavilion was built between 1770 and 1772 .

A conference at the Upper Saline on August 17, 1776 initiated measures for the next two years to counter the competition from "poorer salt" , which caused sales difficulties for the salt from Hausen. When in 1777 the available springs could no longer supply the graduation houses with enough salt, the abundance of water at the Lower Saline was also used . In 1788, more apartments were built on the Lower Saline to accommodate the steadily increasing number of workers required.

Bavarian Kingdom

Brine reservoir in Salinenstrasse 8 in Bad Kissingen

As a result of the secularization , Kissingen first fell to Bavaria (1803), then to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1805), which was under the rule of Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany at that time , and finally to the Kingdom of Bavaria (1814). Grand Duke Ferdinand provided the Bavarian government with an important source of income by purchasing the lease for the Hausen salt works, especially since high-grade salt water was discovered in the springs in addition to the previously known rock salt. When the round well was then drilled deeper, the Reiche Brunnen dried up .

Even the first drilling of the Schönborn fountain in 1831 - carried out by master drill Christian Wachtel since 1767 - failed to produce the desired salt water. Master drill Christian Wachtel recorded the progress of the work in two notebooks. The drilling technique used at the time, which consisted of not rotating the rod but pushing it into the ground and pulling it up from the collecting container for emptying the ground and then reinserting it into the ground, resulted in the daily drilling capacity of just eight centimeters. In 1854 the rod broke at a depth of 584.22 meters.

In the 1830s, Hofrat Franz Anton von Balling began, based on an expert opinion by the chemist Dr. Kastner to use the brine from Hausen for baths. For this purpose, the water was transported to Kissingen in barrels or, for example, piped into the brine reservoir (today: Salinenstrasse 8). The first brine bath was built in 1841 above the brine spring of the Lower Saline . The brine bath was very popular, so it had to be expanded in 1862. In the years 1868/69 a brine pipeline was built that led from the Schönbornsprudel to the Kissinger Aktienbad.

Abolition of the salt monopoly

The abolition of the salt monopoly on May 8, 1867 led to the almost complete demolition of the graduation towers located on the Upper Saline , the comparatively small remains of which are now located on the Lower Saline .

After the Schönbornsprudels had dried up in the winter of 1962, the Schönborn Tower was demolished in May 1963 . In 1982 a fountain pavilion with a fountain sculpture was built on the current thoroughfare of Hausen, a few meters from the position of the old Schönborn tower.

In addition to new bores for the Schönbornsprudel in 2010 for the purpose of its new version, the water pipes between the Schönbornsprudel and the KissSalis Therme were renewed from 2010 to 2012.

  • Well pavilion at the location of the Schönborn tower, which was demolished in 1963

  • "Rugged spherical shape" in the fountain pavilion

literature

(in chronological order)

  • Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. LXI-LXVIII .
  • Thomas Ahnert, Peter Weidisch (ed.): 1200 years Bad Kissingen. Facets of a city's history 801–2001. (= Special publications of the Bad Kissingen city archive. Volume 3). TA Schachenmayer, Bad Kissingen 2001, ISBN 3-929278-16-2 , pp. 80-85.
  • Birgit Schmalz: Salt and salt production. (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information. Issue 1). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2008, ISBN 3-934912-09-5 .
  • Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach. A historical reading book for Hausener and Kleinbracher and those who want to become one. Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, DNB 1009635379 .
  • Peter Weidisch (Ed.): The Salzweg - A look into the past. (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information. Issue 6). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-934912-16-8 .

Web links

Commons : Salt extraction in Hausen  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Werner Eberth : Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 14-15
  2. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 15
  3. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 15-16
  4. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 16-17
  5. ↑ Bavarian City Archives Würzburg, WU 48 / 99a (1562 September 30)
  6. ^ Salt and salt production , in the series: Peter Weidisch (ed.): Bad Kissinger Museumsinformationen , Heft 1, Bad Kissingen 2008, ISBN 3-934912-09-5
  7. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 17
  8. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 17-23
  9. ^ Bavarian State Archives Würzburg, HV Ms.f.175 I.
  10. ↑ Birgit Schmalz: Salt and Salt Production. (= Bad Kissinger Museum Information. Issue 1). Verlag Stadt Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen 2008, ISBN 3-934912-09-5 , p. 23
  11. ^ A b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 23-27
  12. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 27
  13. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 27–32
  14. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 27–28
  15. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 29
  16. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 35
  17. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 184–194
  18. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 187
  19. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 30–32
  20. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 71-103
  21. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 40–42
  22. ↑ a b Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 40
  23. ↑ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 202–212
  24. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 209–210
  25. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 211–212
  26. ^ Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. 88-89 .
  27. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 40–41
  28. ↑ a b c d Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, p. 41
  29. ^ Werner Eberth: Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 2. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2010, pp. 200–201
  30. ↑ Roland Pleier: Where the Free State buries millions. In: Main-Post . November 7, 2010, accessed February 5, 2014 .