Graduation tower
A graduation tower (also known as a leakage tower ) is a system for extracting salt . It consists of a wooden framework that is filled with bundles of brushwood (mainly blackthorn ). The verb gradieren means “to concentrate a material in one medium ”. In the case of a graduation tower , the salt content in the water is increased by passing brine through the sticks, which naturally evaporates the water . In addition, impurities in the brine are deposited on the thorns; this increases the quality of the salt produced.
Many graduation towers are part of a salt works , which consists of a graduation tower and a saline . Graduation towers are often incorrectly referred to as “salt pans”. Occasionally, twigs installations in swimming pools are salt works which are sold as Gradierwerke work, but are significantly smaller than comparable systems, located approximately in the spa gardens are located.
Grading process
From the 16th to the 17th century, the thorn graduation prevailed as a technical innovation , which made it possible for salines, whose brine springs had a low salt content, to boil a concentrated brine. The brine trickled through the meter-high walls of scrub from the branches of the blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ) and was concentrated by the wind and sun. At the same time, impurities in the brine (such as lime or gypsum ) settled in the brushwood and formed the gray-brown thorn stone .
This technical process has completely displaced the previously used straw grading from the graduation houses. The first straw graduation tower was built in Bad Kissingen in the 16th century as a technical and historical innovation . The thorn graduation then made the straw, which rots quickly and contaminated the brine, superfluous, and it even contributed to the cleaning of the brine. The high wooden scaffolding, the pumps and the ever larger boiling facilities required high capital expenditure, however, with the result that in the course of the emerging mercantilist - cameralist economic policy in many territories of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , state monopolies were increasingly established.
On Friedrichsborn in Unna-Königsborn , a so-called wind art was introduced as a technical innovation in the 18th century . The system served as a drive for lifting water on the Friedrichsbau graduation house. In Bad Rothenfelde a coker windmill can be seen again since 2007 , which is located on the new graduation tower; its predecessor, like the mill in Friedrichsborn, served to convey water to a graduation tower.
In the first steam power plants , graduation works were used to remove excess process heat from the condenser . Later more efficient cooling towers took over this task.
The most highly concentrated brine with a salt content of 27 percent was obtained in Bad Salzungen in Thuringia and Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria .
The eight graduation towers in Bad Kreuznach have a total length of around 1,100 m and are used today as part of “health tourism”. Since the brine here does not contain gypsum, the mandrel walls did not have to be replaced as often.
Deposits of sinter , crust-like deposits ( crystallization ) of minerals dissolved in water, can endanger the stability of the graduation structures over time.
Today's use of the graduation towers
Graduation towers in Germany are now often operated for spa purposes and are therefore particularly common in health resorts . The trickling brine enriches the air near the graduation house with brine droplets and salt aerosol , the water droplets bind particles in the air. Similar to sea air, this has a positive effect on pollen allergy sufferers and asthmatics and other sick people. By inhaling salty air, the airways are humidified and the walls of the respiratory organs are positively influenced. The fine salt crystals also have a secretion-dissolving effect, intensively cleanse the respiratory tract of bacteria and allow the mucous membranes to swell. For these reasons, many doctors and naturopaths recommend a longer stay at the lake or in health resorts, which have made use of the effect of the graduation towers.
In many health resorts (for example in Bad Königshofen ) it was discussed whether the construction of new small graduation houses would bring a sufficient number of new spa guests to their spa facilities and whether a corresponding cost-benefit calculation would turn out to be positive. Such a graduation tower was built under the name "Sole-Arena" as part of the State Garden Show 2010 in Bad Essen . Miniature graduation towers can also be set up in closed rooms, where they have a positive effect on the air in the room. Such graduation works exist z. B. in the health resort Damp on the Baltic Sea in the KissSalis Therme in Bad Kissingen and in Rheinfelden in Switzerland , recently also in the Laguna in Asslar near Wetzlar .
Graduation towers also serve as sights of the places in which they are installed. The reconstruction of the graduation tower in Bad Salzuflen , for example , was designed from the outset as a building that should enable experiences in the vicinity of the spa gardens .
The special optical structure of the brushwood walls offers light artists extraordinary possibilities for their art practice. The municipality of Bad Rothenfelde made use of this for the first time in 2007 by staging the Light Art Biennale Lichtsicht .
Inside frame of a graduation tower in Bad Salzuflen
Graduation buildings IV / V in Bad Nauheim , so-called long wall
Coker windmill on the new Bad Rothenfelde graduation house
Small graduation tower "Sole Arena" in the spa gardens of Bad Essen
Graduation tower in Bad Sooden-Allendorf
Graduation tower I in Bad Nauheim
Graduation tower in the spa gardens (Salinenpark) in Bad Rappenau .
Saline Gradierwerk Bad Orb
Graduation works in the Bad Kreuznacher Salinental
Locations
Germany
  |
Places with graduation towers in Germany |
| place | Total length | plant | length | Construction year | location | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bad Dürkheim | 333 m | Graduation tower | 1850 | ⊙ | Erected between 1847 and 1850 and last reopened in 2010 after two arson attacks (1992 and 2007). | |
| Bad Durrenberg | 636 m | ⊙ | largest contiguous graduation tower in Germany, once the graduation towers had a total length of 1821 m | |||
| Bad food | ⊙ | |||||
| Bad Hamm | 42 m | Graduation tower | 2009 | ⊙ | ||
| Bad Karlshafen | 30 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Kissingen | 40 m | Lower saltworks | 1562 | ⊙ | Oldest graduation tower in Germany. The length was once over two kilometers. The last remaining north wing was renewed in 1994. | |
| Bad Kosen | 325 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Kreuznach | 1100 m | Graduation tower I | 300 m | ⊙ | ||
| Graduation tower II | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower III | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower IV | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower V | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower VI | ⊙ | |||||
| Bad Münder am Deister | 20 m | 1999 | ||||
| Bad Munster am Stein-Ebernburg | 1729 | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Nauheim | 650 m | Graduation tower I | ⊙ | |||
| Graduation tower II | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower III | ⊙ | |||||
| Graduation tower IV | ⊙ | together form the "Long Wall", with a windmill tower between them | ||||
| Graduation tower V | ⊙ | |||||
| Bad Oeynhausen | 70 m | 1989/1990 | ⊙ | Replica from 1989/1990 | ||
| Bad Orb | 158 m | Graduation tower | ⊙ | |||
| Bad Rappenau | 30 m | 2008 | ⊙ | |||
| Bad Reichenhall | Graduation house | ⊙ | 1615 "Leckwerk" with straw graduation, 1745 first thorn graduation. Current building as an inhalatorium built in 1911. | |||
| Bad Rothenfelde | 534 m | Graduation tower I | 420 m | ⊙ | largest column-free graduation tower in Western Europe | |
| Graduation tower II | 114 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Salzdetfurth | 120 m | Graduation tower I | 70 m | ⊙ | ||
| Graduation tower II | 50 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Salzelmen | 320 m | Graduation tower | ⊙ | At 1837 m, it was once the longest graduation tower in Europe; today it is 300.4 m. | ||
| Bad Salzhausen | ⊙ | |||||
| Bad Salzuflen | Parkstrasse graduation house | 1767 | ⊙ | |||
| Graduation clock tower | ||||||
| "Experience Graduation" | 80 m | 2007 | ||||
| bad Salzungen | 169 m | "East wall" | 82 m | 1796/1797 | ⊙ | last original wall of a total of 24 graduation walls |
| "West wall" | 87 m | 1901 | ⊙ | |||
| Bad Sassendorf | 73 m | Adventure graduation tower | 2019 | ⊙ | Adventure graduation tower with sauna facility for the guests of the adjoining brine thermal bath | |
| Bad Soden (district of Bad Soden-Salmünster ) | 2006 | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Sooden-Allendorf | 140 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Staffelstein | 100 m | Graduation tower I | 50 m | ⊙ | ||
| Graduation tower II | 50 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Bad Westernkotten | 178 m | Graduation tower I | 120 m | 1835 | ⊙ | Architectural monument since 1984 |
| Graduation tower II | 58 m | 1932 | ⊙ | |||
| Bad Wilsnack | 50 m | |||||
| Duisburg | 40 m | Mattlerbusch district park | 40 m | ⊙ | ||
| Eibach (Dillenburg) | 2004 | ⊙ | ||||
| eat | Grugapark | ⊙ | ||||
| Kevelaer | approx. 50 m | Brine garden St. Jakob | approx. 50 m | 2019 | ⊙ | semicircular floor plan, is still under construction, completion 2019 |
| Luneburg | 58 m | ⊙ | ||||
| Oelsnitz / Erzgeb. | 42 m | 2014 | ⊙ | |||
| Rheine | 66 m | Saline divine gift | 1751 | ⊙ | Once a thorn graduation tower almost 300 meters long, the first such facility in Westphalia. | |
| Salzgitter bath | 2009 | ⊙ | Lickwork in the form of a pavilion to commemorate the salt works that operated until 1926 | |||
| Salzkotten | 50 m | 1997 | ⊙ | |||
| Werl | 25 m | Graduation tower Werl | 1997 | ⊙ | ||
| Werne | 50 m | Graduation tower Werne | 1991 | |||
| Xanten | 25 m | Graduation tower Xanten | 2019 | ⊙ | New building as part of the Xanten spa gardens |
France
Austria
- Altaussee , built in 1956, roofed, square complex, equipped with fir branches
- Bad Hall roofed circular facility in the spa gardens
- Hallein roofed circular facility in the Bad Dürrnberg spa gardens
- Wels , roofed round facility in the Volksgarten, built in 1993
Poland
- Ciechocinek , 3 graduation buildings with a total length of 1730 m: Tężnie I (648 m), II (364 m) and III (718 m) ⊙
- Grudziądz
- Inowrocław
- Konstancin-Jeziorna
heraldry
The technical structure is not common in coats of arms . As a heraldic figure , the representation appears greatly simplified, as a front view, more rarely in a longitudinal view. The rarity in the coat of arms has not yet undergone any special heraldic treatment. Salt production is symbolized in a simplified manner using salt hooks , salt crystals and salt pans .
Ciechocinek (Poland)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Salt and salt production. in the series: Peter Weidisch (Ed.): Bad Kissinger Museum Information. Issue 1, Bad Kissingen 2008, ISBN 3-934912-09-5 .
- ↑ Fred Kaspar and Peter Barthold: Saltworks - large-scale buildings and structural engineering achievements of the 18th and 19th centuries. In: Westphalia . tape 81, 2003 . Münster, S. 121-184 .
- ↑ Route of Industrial Culture : Wind Art and Keeper's House , accessed on December 28, 2012.
- ^ Bad Königshofen: Loud discussion about the graduation tower. “Too bulky and too expensive?” - Little harmony with regard to the new building. In: Mainpost . June 5, 2009, accessed June 22, 2015 .
- ^ Wilhelm Hüls: Wading in the heated sand. In: Berliner Zeitung . January 19, 2002, accessed June 21, 2015 .
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ City of Bad Salzuflen: Adventure graduation tower
- ↑ Website of the Biennale “Lichtsicht” 2013/2014
- ^ Foray into the history of graduation systems , Saale-Zeitung, October 20, 2015
- ↑ Take a deep breath at the graduation tower. (No longer available online.) In: Hannoversche Allgemeine . Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG, archived from the original on September 15, 2016 ; accessed on September 10, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Website of the city of Bad Nauheim
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ a b Function & technology of the graduation tower. Spa and tourism company of the city of Bad Salzungen, accessed on March 17, 2016 .
- ↑ Internet presence of Guest Information & Marketing Bad Sassendorf - facts about the new graduation tower in the Bad Sassendorf spa gardens. Retrieved February 19, 2020 .
- ^ Website of the Verein für Heimatkunde e. V. Bad Sooden-Allendorf ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Display board with technical information on the graduation tower I in Bad Westernkotten
- ↑ Display board with technical information on the graduation tower II in Bad Westernkotten
- ↑ The Kristalltherme website
- ↑ from Freie Presse April 25, 2014
- ↑ City of Salzkotten website
- ↑ Internet presence of the Saline Werl eV association
- ^ Opening of the graduation tower in Kurpark Xanten in May 2019
Web links
- Graduation tower & saltworks: saltworks directory. Overview of the graduation towers in Germany.