Ciechocinek
| Ciechocinek | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Kuyavian Pomeranian | ||
| Powiat : | Aleksandrovsky | ||
| Area : | 15.59 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 52 ° 53 ' N , 18 ° 47' E | ||
| Residents : | 10,590 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 87-720 to 87-722 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 54 | ||
| License plate : | CAL | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Włocławek - Toruń | ||
| Rail route : | Aleksandrów Kujawski - Ciechocinek | ||
| Next international airport : | Bydgoszcz | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Borough | ||
| Residents: | 10,590 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Community number ( GUS ): | 0401021 | ||
| Administration (as of 2014) | |||
| Mayor : | Leszek Dzierżewicz | ||
| Address: | ul. Kopernika 19 87-720 Ciechocinek |
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| Website : | www.ciechocinek.pl | ||
Ciechocinek [ ʨɛxɔˈʨinɛk ] is a spa town in Poland . It is located on the Vistula , about 20 kilometers southeast of Toruń in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship .
history
Duchy of Kuyavia (until 1235)
In the Middle Ages the area belonged to the Polish Duchy of Kujawia .
German Order (1235 to 1422)
On November 13, 1235, the Polish Duke Konrad signed a treaty with the German church prince Hermann von Salza and ceded the area to the Teutonic Order . The German side granted the Polish side a fixed share of the salt production of the neighboring Słońsk Dolny saltworks . In 1379 the name of the place ( Ciechocino ) was mentioned for the first time.
Kingdom of Poland (1422 to 1793)
On September 27, 1422, the area was returned to Poland in the Peace of Lake Melno . From 1431 to 1435 it was temporarily occupied again by the Teutonic Order and completely destroyed in the process. The occupation ended with the Peace Treaty of Brest of December 31, 1435. In the Peace Treaty of Thorn on October 19, 1466, the previous property of the Teutonic Order in Poland was nationalized and transferred as a crown property to a Starost . The crown estate Ciechocinek subsequently belonged to the Starostei Słońsk Dolny in the Inowrocław Voivodeship .
In 1605 the small village Wołuszewo, which belongs to the Ciechocinek Crown Estate, was leased to Dutch colonists in order to stimulate the economy. Swedish troops devastated the area in the Second Northern War from 1655 to 1660. Both the Polish residents and the Dutch colonists perished or fled, so that the area was practically depopulated after the end of the war. German colonists from neighboring Polish Prussia were also recruited for the reconstruction . In 1770 Ciechocinek fell to the Starostei Radziejów . The brine springs of Ciechocinek were opened in 1790 after the southern Polish salt deposits fell to Austria in 1772.
Kingdom of Prussia (1793 to 1807)
Due to the division of Poland , Ciechocinek fell to Prussia on January 23, 1793 . During the Prussian era, the place belonged to the Radziejów district in the chamber department (= administrative district ) of Poznan . Prussia introduced compulsory schooling in Ciechocinek on June 1, 1794 . During the Polish Kościuszko uprising , the place was temporarily recaptured by Polish troops in autumn 1794. On July 28, 1795, Prussia nationalized the previously Polish crown estate Ciechocinek and placed it under the administration of the Domain Office in Raciążek. At the beginning of 1798, the Prussian upper mountain ridge Alexander von Humboldt examined the brine spring of Ciechocinek, and further test drillings were carried out by 1801. The salt content of the brine turned out to be too low. Between 1805 and 1806 further test bores were carried out. Prussia's declaration of war on France in October 1806 heralded the end of Prussian rule in Ciechocinek. In November the Polish uprising began and the Prussian administration had to flee Ciechocinek. The place was occupied by the French army on December 1, 1806. On June 30, 1807, the French Emperor Napoléon confiscated Ciechocinek and the rest of the domain office of Raciążek and declared the whole thing to be the private property of Marshal Soult as a thank you for taking Königsberg on June 16 and thus ending the war with Prussia .
Duchy of Warsaw (1807 to 1815)
Ciechocinek was officially returned to Poland from Prussia on July 9, 1807 in the Tilsit Peace Treaty . The place now belonged to the Polish department of Bydgoszcz . Marshal Soult then received from the Polish state the sole right to produce salt in Ciechocinek on December 15, 1807. However, on January 8, 1811, an expert opinion commissioned by the Polish Ministry of Finance found that salt production was not economically viable. Marshal Soult renounced the right to produce salt, but the inhabitants of Ciechocinek continued to mine salt illegally, so that in 1812 the brine pump was officially sealed. In February 1813, Russian troops occupied Ciechocinek after the failure of Napoléon's Russian campaign . The Russian Tsar Alexander I expropriated Marshal Soult on May 13, 1813 and gave Ciechocinek to the Polish state.
Kingdom of Poland (1815 to 1832)
At the Congress of Vienna on May 3, 1815, the major European powers confirmed that Ciechocinek would remain with the Polish state . The place now belonged to the Voivodeship (from 1837 governorate) Warsaw in the Kingdom of Poland . King of Poland became the Russian tsar. In 1823 another expert report on the brine source was drawn up for the Polish government. This commissioned the construction of a state salt works in Ciechocinek in 1824. On October 10, 1827, the Russian Tsar Nicholas I gave instructions to acquire Ciechocinek. At that time the place had 91 inhabitants. Ciechocinek passed into Russian state ownership on July 9, 1828, the Polish state received the Russian possession of Bądków south of Warsaw and 242,776 złoty in compensation. During the Polish uprising against Russian supremacy in 1830/31, the Russian army set up military hospitals in the village and requisitioned the salt works for billeting of soldiers.
Russian Empire (1832 to 1918)
On February 26, 1832, after the failure of the Polish uprising, Tsar Nicholas I issued a new constitution: the Tsar removed the Polish royal crown, the Kingdom of Poland was fully incorporated into Russia and Ciechocinek was a provincial town in Russia . The saltworks resumed operations on November 21, 1832 after the soldiers had withdrawn and the war damage had been repaired. In 1836 bathing began in Ciechocinek: four brine baths were installed in an inn, which soon attracted 120 spa guests a year. A Kursaal and the first hotel with 19 rooms were opened in 1851. In 1862, Tsar Alexander II issued the anti-Semitic order that Jews were neither allowed to live in Ciechocinek nor to acquire property. The Gdańsk-Warsaw railway line was opened on July 1, 1867, Ciechocinek was given its own stop, and the station building was completed in 1869. By resolution of July 8, 1869, Russian was introduced as the language of instruction in addition to Polish in the schools of Ciechocinek. In 1875 the Ciechocinek spa park was laid out. Bathhouse I was completed in 1877. The Kursaal burned down on June 20 of the same year; the new (and current) Kursaal was completed in 1881. The new Catholic Church was consecrated on August 15, 1884. In 1885, Russian became the only language of instruction in the local schools; only religious instruction could still be given in Polish. This regulation was not lifted until 1905. Several spa buildings were completed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century: the spa theater in 1890, bathhouse II and the graduation park in 1898, and bathhouse III in 1913.
On August 1, 1914, Germany's declaration of war on Russia led to the end of Russian rule in Ciechocinek. The Russian administration left the city, which was occupied by German troops on August 2nd. By the end of August, all 5,000 spa guests had also left Ciechocinek. In September 1914, the German military handed over the administration of the city to the new Polish mayor Abram Szkolnik. The previous Polish spa and salt works director was replaced by a German. In northern Poland , the Germans established the administrative unit Generalgouvernement Warsaw on March 16, 1915 , to which Ciechocinek also belonged. On November 5th of this year, the German governor general von Beseler announced the intention to re-establish an independent Polish state . On November 11, 1916, Ciechocinek received city rights.
Republic of Poland (1918 to 1939)
The German November Revolution on November 9, 1918 ended the German occupation of Ciechocinek, the German troops were peacefully disarmed by a Polish city militia on November 13 and withdrew by November 16. The German spa and salt works director also left Ciechocinek, the previous Polish director returned and the spa business was subordinated to the Polish Ministry of Health. The place now belonged to the Nieszawa district in the Warsaw Voivodeship in independent Poland . The Polish government confirmed the town charter of Ciechocinek on February 4, 1919. During the Polish-Soviet war , the Red Army came within a few kilometers of Ciechocinek from August 14th to 19th, 1920 and stood on the other side of the Vistula. The saline workers were already putting on red armbands to welcome the soldiers, but the Red Army had to withdraw because of the Polish counter-offensive . On May 26, 1924, the urban area was enlarged threefold through incorporations. The Polish President Ignacy Mościcki opened the large brine swimming pool and the Europa House on June 4, 1932 and stayed in Ciechocinek for a month for a cure. In 1935 the market hall was completed.
After the general mobilization of the Polish army at the end of August 1939, all spa guests left the city within two days. At that time, Ciechocinek had 5200 inhabitants, 700 of them Jews. A few days after Germany's attack on Poland on September 1, 1939, the Polish administration left the city on September 8 and 9. Ciechocinek was occupied by the German Wehrmacht on September 12, 1939 , and the security police forces murdered 20 injured Polish soldiers who had been left behind. The local collaborator Fryderyk Elgert was appointed provisional mayor. On September 22nd, 1939, Otto Leischner followed as acting German mayor. The mayors then changed constantly (from May 6, 1940 Joseph Klemm, from June 10, 1940 Alfred Byk (acting), from December 10, 1940 Fritz Lindenberg, from December 17, 1941 Inspector Illi). The local citizen Stefan Adam was appointed provisional spa director on September 22, 1939. The German spa directors also changed several times (from May 11, 1940 Gustav Metzler, from July 16, 1940 Alfred Byk (provisional), from August 16, 1940 Willi Scholz). On October 4, 1939, the Polish schools in Ciechocineks were closed by the German authorities.
German Empire (1939 to 1945)
On October 26, 1939, Ciechocinek was annexed by the German Reich in violation of international law . The place now belonged to the Nessau district (from 1941 Hermannsbad district ) in the Reichsgau Wartheland and became the seat of the German district administrator, while the administration remained in Aleksandrów as before . One day later, the German gendarmerie arrested all Polish teachers and clergymen. On November 1, 1939, the founding of the HTO was announced, which administered all of Ciechocinek's operations. This started the exploitation of the city by the German economy. German military led a group of 50 Polish officers through the streets of Ciechocinek on November 8, 1939, who were then shot. The German occupation authorities began to deport the Jewish residents of Ciechocinek to the Generalgouvernement on November 10th of the same year . From November 20, 1939, the zloty was replaced by the Reichsmark. The German authorities began to expel the Polish population from the area on December 11, 1939, and by the end of 1943 almost 12,000 people had to leave the district. In the following period around 1,000 ethnic Germans were settled in the city of Ciechocinek . On December 11, 1939, the German Gauleiter Arthur Greiser ordered the Jewish residents of the Wartheland to wear the Jewish star .
On December 19, 1939, the salary of Polish employees in the public service was limited to a maximum of 80% of the German collective wage; from May 11, 1940, this also applied to the remaining Polish employees. Thus a large part of the Poles in Ciechocinek had to live on an income below the subsistence level. 7 working days were allowed as annual leave, and in October 1942 the vacation entitlement for Polish employees was completely canceled. Ciechocinek was officially renamed Hermannsbad on December 22, 1939 (after Hermann von Salza , who incorporated the area into the Teutonic Order in 1235 ). On May 27, 1940, the German GHTO (Real Estate Company of HTO mbH ) took over the administration of the Polish real estate in the city that had been confiscated by the German state . She let the houses she managed go into neglect. On June 1, 1940, the swimming season in Ciechocinek opened. "Spa guests" were almost exclusively German soldiers. From January 1, 1942, the Polish residents of Ciechocinek were also subject to a special criminal law that allowed the death penalty even on the smallest of occasions. The last 80 Jews living in the city were arrested on April 22, 1942 by the German police , handed over to the SS and murdered in the Kulmhof concentration camp . The spa guests were asked to leave Ciechocinek on July 12, 1944, as the place was completely occupied with wounded German soldiers from the collapsing Eastern Front . The beginning of the major Soviet offensive led to the end of the German occupation in Ciechocinek on January 12, 1945. On January 18, almost all German residents left the city, and on January 21, 1945 the Red Army marched in .
Republic of Poland (since 1945)
On February 7, 1945 Adam Drużyński became the new Polish mayor. Jan Hajduk became the new spa director. Ciechocinek now belonged to the Nieszawa district (from 1948 Powiat Aleksandrowski ) in the Pomeranian Voivodeship (from 1950 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship ). The first bathing season was opened again on May 20, 1945. In 1946 the city had 4,130 inhabitants. The spa facilities were generously expanded from 1955. In 1975 Ciechocinek and the rest of the powiat Aleksandrowski moved to the new Włocławek Voivodeship . Since 1999 Ciechocinek and the rest of the powiat Aleksandrowski belong to the new Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship .
Attractions
- Tężnie ( graduation towers )
- Grzybek (mushroom)
- Zegar kwiatowy ( flower clock )
- Jaś i Małgosia (Hans and Gretel)
- Concert hall
- Dywan Kwiatowy (Flower Carpet)
Town twinning
Web links
- official site of the city (multilingual)
- Electronics daily newspaper Pomorska.pl
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ^ Polish Ministry Of Information (ed.): "The German New Order In Poland" (London, 1941)
- ^ Report from the gendarmerie in Alexandrovo , November 10, 1939
- ^ Reports from the gendarmerie in Alexandrowo , April 23, 1942, and Radziejów , June 25, 1942