Sanicle
| Sanicle | ||||||||||||
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Sanicula arctopoides |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Sanicula | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The plant genus Sanikel ( Sanicula ) belongs to the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). The approximately 40 species have their main distribution in North America (22 species) and East Asia . The forest sanicle ( Sanicula europaea ) is the only species native to Europe and is considered a tertiary relic .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Sanikel species are low, slender, prostrate or erect biennial or perennial herbaceous plants without hairs. They grow branching or upright, straight and unbranched from a short rhizome or directly from spindle-shaped or bulbous roots . The stem axis is mostly branched, the arrangement of the branches is very different.
The leaves are stalked or almost sessile. The membrane-like thin to almost leather-like leaf blade is hand-shaped or pinnately divided or composed several times. The individual leaf parts are serrated, lobed, pinnately divided or with entire margins differently. The leaf spindle is glabrous or winged.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences consist of simple, head-shaped umbels , which are arranged zymös or racemose . The calyx consists of entire or lobed bracts , which can be both longer and shorter than the umbels. The umbels are bisexual or unisexual, in which case only male flowers are formed. The flowers are on peduncles or are almost sessile. The purely male flowers are often conspicuously highlighted by flower stalks and fall off early or are persistent.
The flowers are white, greenish-white, greenish-yellow, yellow, red, lavender, blue or purple. The sepals are bristle-shaped, linear-lanceolate or truncated egg-shaped and almost individually standing to strongly fused together. On the ripe fruit, the sepals are beaked or covered by the reinforcement of the fruit. The edge of the spatulate to egg-shaped petals is curved, the tip is narrowed and curved. The stylus is either shorter than the calyx lobes or elongated, protruding, bent back or screwed. The stylopodium is absent or flattened and disc-shaped.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are oblong-egg-shaped to spherical and somewhat flattened on the sides. The fruits are densely covered with spikes , spikelets, scales or nodules. The spines are often widened or bulbous at the base, straight or with a hook. Ribs are only rudimentary. The carpel is almost round or laterally or dorsally flattened. The oil streaks can be large or small, in a regular or irregular arrangement. There are three to a large number of oil welts under the dorsal and lateral surface and usually two at the commissure . The surface of the seeds is smooth, concave or wrinkled; reinforcing cells are absent.
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Systematics
The genus Sanicula was established by Carl von Linné . With the German trivial name Sanikel (Middle High German already feminine and masculine) species of other genera were also referred to ( whorl-leaved tooth root , large star umbel , wood anemone , real carnation root ).
The genus Sanicula contains about 40 species (selection):
- Sanicula arctopoides Hook. & Arn. : The home is British Columbia , Washington , Oregon and California .
- Sanicula arguta Greene ex Coult. & Rose : It is common in North America.
- Sanicula astrantiifolia H. Wolff ex Kretzschmer : It occurs in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
- Sanicula azorica Seub. : It occurs in the Azores.
- Sanicula bipinnata Hook. & Arn. : The home is California.
- Sanicula bipinnatifida Douglas : Home is British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, California and Baja California, Mexico.
- Sanicula caerulescens Franch. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan and in the city of Chongqing .
- Sanicula canadensis L .: It is common in Canada and the USA.
- Sanicula chinensis Bunge : It is native to China, Eastern Siberia , Northern Japan and Korea .
- Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC. : The homeland is British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, California and the Mexican Baja California.
- Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex G.Don (Syn .: Sanicula europaea var. javanica Wolff ): It iswidespreadin East Africa , Sri Lanka , northern India , Pakistan , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Vietnam , China , Indonesia , Malaysia , Japan and the Philippines .
- Sanicula elongata K.T.Fu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi .
- Forest sanicle ( Sanicula europaea L. )
- Sanicula giraldii H. Wolff : The home is China.
- Sanicula graveolens Poepp. ex DC. : The home is British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming , Montana , Nevada , California, Argentina and Chile .
- Sanicula hacquetioides Franch. : The home is China.
- Sanicula lamelligera Hance : The home is China and Japan.
- Sanicula marilandica L .: The home is Canada and the USA.
- Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe : It is common in Canada and the USA.
- Sanicula orthacantha S.Moore : It is common in India, Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam and China.
- Sanicula oviformis X.T.Liu & ZYLiu : It occurs only in the Chinese city of Chongqing .
- Sanicula pengshuiensis M.L.Sheh & ZYLiu : This endemic occurs in Pengshui in the Chinese city of Chongqing.
- Sanicula petagnioides Hayata : Home is Taiwan.
- Sanicula rubriflora F. Schmidt ex Maxim. : It is common in China, Mongolia , Japan, Eastern Siberia and Korea.
- Sanicula rugulosa Diels : It occurs in Tibet and the Chinese city of Chongqing.
- Sanicula serrata H. Wolff : The home is China.
- Sanicula smallii E.P.Bicknell : Home is the USA.
- Sanicula tienmuensis Sjan & Constance : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Zhejiang .
- Sanicula tuberculata Maxim. :: It occurs in Korea, southern Japan and the Chinese province of Heilongjiang .
- Sanicula tuberosa Torr. : It is common in North America.
literature
- She Menglan, Loy R. Phillippe: Sanicula. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 , pp. 19 (English, online ).
- Kathleen M. Pryer, Loy R. Phillippe: A synopsis of the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) in eastern Canada. In: Canadian Journal of Botany. Volume 67, No. 3, 1989, pp. 694-707, doi : 10.1139 / b89-093 , ( PDF file; 1.91 MB ) (English).
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Mildred E. Mathias, Lincoln Constance: Flora of Peru - Umbelliferae. Sanicula In: Publications (Field Museum of Natural History). Botanical series. Volume 13, Part VA, No. 1, 1962, pp. 93-94 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. 5 volumes, Leipzig, from volume 3 Stuttgart / Wiesbaden, volume 1, pp. 290 and 507; Volume 2, pp. 81 and 688.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r She Menglan, Loy R. Phillippe: Sanicula. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 , pp. 19 (English, online ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Sanicula in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ Ralf Hand (2011): Apiaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Sanicula
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