Sanriku coast

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Sanriku Coast (Japan)
Hachinohe
Hachinohe
Miyako
Miyako
Oshika Peninsula
Oshika Peninsula
Sanriku coast
northern Sanriku coast: Cape Kitayama ( 北 山崎 , Kitayama-saki ) near Tanohata , Iwate Prefecture
southern Sanriku coast: Goishi coast ( 碁 石 海岸 , Goishi-kaigan ) near Ōfunato , Iwate prefecture

The Sanriku Coast ( Japanese 三 陸 海岸 , Sanriku-kaigan ) is a Japanese coastal area on the Pacific.

Surname

The name Sanriku - literally "three Riku" - refers to the three provinces of Rikuzen , Rikuchū and Rikuō , which extended over the area before the establishment of the prefectural system. Their names in turn refer to the (precursor) province of Mutsu .

geography

The Sanriku Coast is located on the northeast side of the Honshū Island, in the Tōhoku region, and extends over a length of 600 km from Hachinohe in Aomori Prefecture in the north via Iwate Prefecture to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture in the south. The northern part is characterized by steep cliffs and the southern part, from Miyako in Iwate Prefecture, by its ria .

Typical example of a V-shaped bay (city Onagawa / Miyagi ) with a tsunami-intensifying effect.

The coast, especially the southern part, is at great risk from tsunami damage for several reasons . On the one hand, the coast lies opposite a subduction zone of the Pacific plate , which manifests itself in an increased number of earthquakes with great strengths, which in turn trigger strong tsunamis. On the other hand, the characteristic geography with its steep valley walls and deep inlets of the Sanriku coast reinforce the tsunami waves and make the cities and villages prone to tsunamis. The strongly irregularly shaped bays of the Riyal Coast cause a high degree of refraction (breaking) during waves, which in turn increases the tide height, so that the destructive force of tsunamis is increased. The Sanriku Coast includes many V-shaped bays that cause the tsunami energy to pool and amplify. The water flowing from the sea into the bay is compressed from left and right due to the ever increasing rejuvenation of the bay and gives way upwards, so that the sea level arches up and the wave height rises. Compared to non-tapering (rectangular) bay types and even more so compared to linear coastal sections (without indentation), this tapering bay shape (V-shape) has the highest tendency to high waves. A typical example of a V-shaped bay is the bay of Onagawa , which is wide and deep at the mouth of the bay, but narrower and shallower at the end of the bay, and thus possibly the wave height of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake triggered tsunamis.

Earthquakes and tsunamis

Tsunamis can be seen as an integral part of the history of the Sanriku region. The Sanriku Coast is known as a zone of frequent tsunamis that has seen a number of particularly severe tsunami disasters in the past (such as 1896, 1933, 1960 and 2011). Concrete examples of tsunamis on the Sanriku coast are the Jōgan-Sanriku earthquake 869 , the Keichō-Sanriku earthquake 1611 , the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake in 1896 with a total of 22,000 deaths and a maximum height of 38 m in Ryōri- Shirahama (today : Ōfunato , Iwate Prefecture), the Shōwa-Sanriku earthquake in 1933 with 3000 deaths and a maximum incidence height of 29 m in Ryōri-Shirahama, the Chile earthquake of 1960, the Tokachi earthquake in 1968 and the Tōhoku earthquake in 2011 with a total of around 20,000 Dead and a maximum run-up height of 40.1 m in Ōfunato, Iwate Prefecture.

Overview of historical tsunamis in the Sanriku area
date Surname Earthquake magnitude Victim damage Maximum height of the tsunami (location)
July 9, 869 Jōgan (-Sanriku) > 8.3 > 1,000 deaths
December 2, 1611 Keichō-sanriku > 8.1 > 5,000 dead
June 15, 1896 Meiji-Sanriku 8.5 21,959 dead > 10,000 houses destroyed 38.2 m (Ryōri area / Ōfunato )
March 3, 1933 Shōwa-sanriku 8.1 3,064 dead 1,810 houses destroyed 28.7 m (Ryōri area / Ōfunato)
May 22, 1960 Great Chilean (Valdivia) 9.5 142 (in Japan) 1,625 houses destroyed
March 11, 2011 Great East Japanese (Tōhoku) 9.0 > 19,000 dead > 836,500 houses damaged or destroyed 40.1 m (Ryōri Bay / Ōfunato)
40.5 m (Omoe Aneyoshi area / Miyako )
Historical tsunamis in the Sanriku region and selection of areas affected by the Tōhoku tsunami of 2011.
Tsunamis of 1896 , 1933 and 2011 on the Sanriku coast
Tsunami deaths and house damage for the Sanriku coastal communities.gif
Share of fatalities (left) and house damage (right) [%]
The number of deaths per damaged house and the maximum recorded runup heights for tsunamis that have struck Sanriku coastal communities.gif
The number of deaths per damaged house [%] and the maximum curb heights

Communities

The municipalities along the coast are:

economy

Fishing and tourism are important sources of income in the region .

fishing

The cold ocean current Oyashio coming from the north and the warm ocean current Kuroshio coming from the east meet off the coast . Due to this peculiarity, the waters off the coast - called Sanriku-oki ( 三 陸 沖 'Sea in front of Sanriku' ) - are among the three richest fishing grounds in the world.

Sanrikus abalone , cuttlefish and sea urchin enjoy high reputation in the Sushi -Küchen Japan.

tourism

The furrowed Sanriku coast of the Tōhoku region with its steep valley walls and deep inlets is counted among the most beautiful areas of Japan.

The section from Kesennuma in Miyagi to Kuji in Iwate belongs to the Sanriku Fukkō National Park (formerly Rikuchū Kaigan National Park). Spectacular rock pillars, steep cliff walls, deep inlets and narrow river valleys can be found over an extension of over 150 km of its sea coast.

The southern part of the Sanriku Coast belongs to the Minamisanriku-Kinkazan Quasi-National Park .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Shunichi Koshimura, Nobuo Shuto: Response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster . In: Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences . tape 373 , no. 2053 , 2015, p. 20140373 , doi : 10.1098 / rsta.2014.0373 . (Published online September 21, 2015).
  2. ↑ a b 三 陸 海岸 . In: 百科 事 典 マ イ ペ デ ィ ア /kotobank.jp. Hitachi Solutions, May 2010, accessed March 17, 2011 (Japanese).
  3. ↑ a b c 東 日本 大 震災 記録 集 ( Memento from March 23, 2018 on WebCite ) , 総 務 省 消防 庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency) des 総 務 省 (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications), March 2013, here in Chapter 2 (第 2 章 地震 ・ 津 波 の 概要) the subsection 2.2 (2.2 津 波 の 概要 (1)) ( PDF ( Memento from March 28, 2018 on WebCite )), p. 40, Figure 2.2-11 ("V 字型 の 典型的 な 場所 の 例 （女 川 町 ").
  4. ↑ a b c d e K. Abe: Tsunami Resonance Curve from Dominant Periods Observed in Bays of Northeastern Japan . In: Kenji Satake (Ed.): Tsunamis: Case Studies and Recent Developments . Springer, 2005, ISBN 1-4020-3326-5 , pp. 97-99 , doi : 10.1007 / 1-4020-3331-1_6 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Pradyumna P. Karan: Tamil Nadu and Tohoku: The Two Tsunamis . In: Pradyumna P. Karan, Unryu Suganuma (Ed.): Japan after 3/11: Global Perspectives on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Fukushima Meltdown . University Press of Kentucky, 2016, ISBN 978-0-8131-6730-5 , chap. 23 , p. 447–461 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-319-56742-6_7 ( in Karan & Suganuma partly accessible online on Google Books ).
  6. ↑ 津 波 の 基礎 知識 ( Memento of March 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , jwa.or.jp (一般 財 団 法人 日本 気 象 協会; Japan Weather Association), (Without date. Elsewhere the date is January 21, 2013 cited), p. 4, Figure 4 (湾 の 幅 の 変 化 に よ る 津 波 の 波 高 変 化) and 5 (海岸線 の 形 と 津 波 の 波 高 の 傾向 (平面 図)).
  7. ↑ Miyako City Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Records Editorial Committee: The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Records of Miyako City - Vol. 1, History of Tsunami (Summary Version) - English Edition ( Memento from August 20, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF), Miyako City Iwate Prefecture, March 15, 2015 (Japanese original version: September 1, 2014).
  8. ↑ a b Nobuhito Mori, Daniel T. Cox, Tomohiro Yasuda, Hajime Mase: Overview of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Damage and Its Relation to Coastal Protection along the Sanriku Coast . In: Earthquake Spectra . tape 29 , S1, 2013, pp. 127-143 , doi : 10.1193 / 1.4000118 .
  9. ↑ a b c Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online July 7, 2012).
  10. ↑ Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online August 15, 2017).
  11. ↑ Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online on July 7, 2012), here: p. 1011, Figure 25. License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
  12. ↑ Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online on July 7, 2012), here: p. 1012, Figure 26. License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
  13. ↑ 三 陸 海岸 . NHK , accessed September 30, 2009 (Japanese).
  14. ↑ a b い わ て の 景 勝地 (三 陸 海岸) . Iwate Prefecture, accessed March 17, 2011 (Japanese).
  15. ↑ Bitter Legacy, Injured Coast ( August 21, 2018 memento on WebCite ) , nytimes.com, March 19, 2011, by Ian Jared Miller.

Remarks

  1. ↑ As a run-up height (English: run-up height ) is here the height of the country to which the tsunami has penetrated, respectively. (Source: Miyako City Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Records Editorial Committee: The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Records of Miyako City - Vol. 1, History of Tsunami (Summary Version) - English Edition ( Memento from August 20, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF), Miyako City Iwate Prefecture, March 15, 2015 (Japanese original version: September 1, 2014).)

Coordinates: 39 ° 58 ′ 14 ″  N , 141 ° 57 ′ 15 ″  E