Fudai (Iwate)

Fudai Village Hall
Fudai-mura ; 普代村
Geographical location in Japan
Region :	Tōhoku
Prefecture :	Iwate
Coordinates :	40 ° 0 ' N , 141 ° 53' E Coordinates: 40 ° 0 '19 " N , 141 ° 53' 9" E
Basic data
Surface:	69.66 km²
Residents :	2569 ; (October 1, 2019)
Population density :	37 inhabitants per km²
Community key :	03485-1
Symbols
Flag / coat of arms:
Tree :	Japanese pagoda tree
Flower :	Lilium maculatum
Bird :	Japanese cormorant
town hall
Address :	Fudai Village Hall ; 13 - 2 , Aza doya, Dai-9 chiwari; Fudai -mura, Shimohei-gun ; Iwate 028-8392
Website URL:	www.vill.fudai.iwate.jp
Location of Fudais in Iwate Prefecture

Fudai ( Japanese 普代村 , - mura ) is a village community in Shimohei County in northeastern Iwate Prefecture in Japan .

geography

Aerial view with the village center of Fudais (left half of the picture), the port separated from a residential area by the Ōtanabe dike (center) and the coastal area (photo: 1977)

Fudai is located on the Pacific Ocean on the northern Sanriku coast, which is characterized by steep cliffs . The more than 100 m high Kurozaki ( 黒崎 , dt. "Black cliffs") in the southeast are part of the Sanriku-Fukkō National Park . There are only a few sandy beaches and the settlement is concentrated on various hamlets in the few small plateaus or mountain and river valleys.

The center of the village is in the wide valley of the Fudai-gawa ( 普代川 ), where the 茂市川 flows into it. This in turn is not located directly at the mouth, but behind a flood weir, which is located about 300 m from the mouth and, like the neighboring district behind the harbor, is protected by a dike. The other districts are on an elevated area. With around 3,000 inhabitants, it is the smallest municipality in the prefecture.

The municipality borders Noda in the north , Iwaizumi in the west and Tanohata in the south .

history

Today's Fudai parish was created when the parish was reorganized on April 1, 1889 as part of the Kitahei district . This was merged on March 29, 1896 with Nakahei and Higashihei to form Shimohei County.

Earthquake and tsunami disasters

Comparison of the balance sheets of completely destroyed houses and victims in Fudai for the disasters of 1896, 1933 and 2011
Disaster event	Completely destroyed houses	Death toll
Meiji 1896 (earthquake and tsunami)	76	302
Shōwa 1933 (earthquake and tsunami)	79	137
Tōhoku 2011 (earthquake and tsunami)	0	1
Note: The death toll for the 2011 Tōhoku disaster is calculated from the total number of dead and missing in the 153rd FDMA damage report of March 8, 2016, minus the figures for catastrophe-related deaths determined by the Reconstruction Agency (RA).

Tsunamis and countermeasures

Proof of the Ōtanabe dike against the Tōhoku tsunami 2011

The Ōtanabe dyke (Ōtanabe-bōchōtei) with a view to the southeast (this side of the dyke is a residential area of the village, beyond the port and sea) (Photo: November 22, 2012)

a: Flood heights (triangles) and run-up heights (circles) in Ōtanabe (fishing port Ōtanabe)
b: Destructive damage outside the coastal dike in the fishing port Ōtanabe
c: Very little damage within the coastal dike (residential area)

Coastal protection in Ōtanabe (fishing port and settlement behind it): dike (left), flood map (top right) and photo of the tsunami effect (bottom right)

Probation of the tsunami defense against the Tōhoku tsunami 2011

Left: The tsunami flood gate (Fudai-suimon) (Photo: November 9, 2011). Photographed from the road with a view to the northwest (this side of the weir estuary and sea, beyond the village center)
Right: floodplain (blue), tsunami flood gate (red) and settlement area (pink)

Flooding area (outlined in blue) of the tsunami of March 11, 2011 in front of and behind the Fudai Weir (center) and city center (outlined in white, top center of the image) (Photo: March 28, 2011; Source: MLIT)

Coastal protection at Fudaigawa (estuary and settlement behind it): weir (left), flood map (center) and photos of the tsunami effect (right)

Historical tsunami experiences

Fudai was formed by the Meiji tsunami in 1896 (with a height of 15.2 meters), by the Shōwa tsunami in 1933 (with a height of 11.5 meters) and by the Chile earthquake tsunami in 1960 (with a height of 11.5 meters) , 5 meters) badly damaged. The village of Fudai developed along the Fudai River (Fudaigawa). The tsunamis it suffered from in 1896 and 1933 had advanced along this river. Together, Fudai lost 439 inhabitants in the disasters.

Construction of the Ōtanabe dike

At the instigation of the mayor Kōtoku Wamura ( 和村幸得 ; 1908 / 1909–1997, ruled 1947–1987) the 15.5 m high and 155 m wide Ōtanabe dike ( 太田名部防潮堤 , Ōtanabe-bōchōtei ) was built, which was completed in 1967 after 58 million yen construction costs and separates the area of the aftanabe fishing port to protect the residential area behind it in the Ōtanabe district (太田名部).

Construction of the Fudai Weir

Since the mayor was convinced in the early 1980s that the village would sooner or later be exposed to a 15 meter high tsunami, he also left the 15.5 about 300 m inland from the mouth of the Fudaigawa, which ran through the village m high and 205 m wide Fudai weir ( 普代水門 , Fudai-suimon , also known as tsunami gate in English ). It was completed in 1984 after a construction cost of 3.5 billion yen and was intended to seal off the estuary in the event of a tsunami. The topography of the village of Fudai, which is surrounded by rock walls with a narrow opening to the sea, was an essential factor that made the construction of such a high weir possible.

These two construction projects drew a lot of criticism given the much lower height of other weirs in the prefecture and the cost compared to the population.

Proof of the coastal protection structures during the Tōhoku tsunami 2011

Because of these coastal defenses, Fudai is known as the site of a successful tsunami countermeasure strategy that protected the village from the 2011 tsunami.

The tsunami triggered by the Tōhoku earthquake on March 11, 2011 towered over the weir by two meters, but the height of the weir and dyke ensured that in Fudai, in contrast to other communities, there were neither deaths nor destruction or Damage to residential buildings occurred. Only one person was missing and damage was recorded to 16 public and 158 other non-residential buildings.

The 17 m (according to other information: 20 m) high tsunami flooded the Fudai weir, but could only penetrate a few hundred meters behind the weir. Most of the village with the settlement center, including the evacuation buildings (various schools), remained protected. Without the tsunami guard, the 2011 tsunami would have damaged the center of the village.

Inundation heights of 8.4 m and 8.9 m were measured in the area of the Ōtanabe fishing port, and two run-up heights were determined on the coastal dike with 10.6 m and 12.4 m. While the area of the fishing port outside the Ōtanabe dyke suffered severe damage, the residential area in the Ōtanabe district behind it was completely protected from the destructive force of the tsunami by closing the rotary tide gate in good time before the tsunami's arrival and showed only insignificant damage.

traffic

Important highways to Fudai are the national road 45 to Sendai or Aomori , whereby the section between Fudai and Iwaizumi is referred to as the Sanriku-Kita-crossing road ( 三陸北縦貫道路 , Sanriku-Kita jūkan dōro ). There are also prefecture roads 44 and 202 in the municipality.

Fudai is connected to the rail network via the Kita-Rias Line (North Rias Line) operated by the Sanriku Tetsudō railway company. This leads to the main train stations of Miyako or Kuji . The stops in Fudai are Fudai ( 普代駅 , -eki ), Shiraikaigan ( 白井海岸駅 , -eki ) and Horinai ( 堀内駅 , -eki ).

education

In Fudai there is a primary school and a middle school, both on the edge of the town center in the immediate vicinity of the weir.

Town twinning

In October 1985 Fudai closed a "40 ° -Nord-Gemeindeefrundschaft" ( 北緯 40 度友好町村 , hokui 40-do yūkō chōson ) with Kotooka , since both communities were on the same latitude. With the incorporation of Kotooka to Mitane on March 20, 2006, this relationship dissolved.

Web links

Commons : Fudai - collection of images, videos and audio files

岩手県地震・津波シミュレーション及び被害想定調査 (overview of earthquake / tsunami simulation and damage prognosis for Iwate): 岩手県津波浸水予測図（普代村） for the prefecture of the village of Fwai Iwai deration (tsunami inundate diagram) www2.pref.iwate.jp (Iwate Prefecture). A print version with further information is available as: 岩手県地震・津波シミュレーション及び被害想定調査に関する報告書（概要版） ( Memento from June 28, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF) (岩手ww2.pref.iwate ) (PDF), w 岩手ww2.pref.iwate ), November 2004 (revised: February 2006).

The tsunami hazard map with its tsunami flood information is based on three tsunami simulations (1st historical Meiji-Sanriku tsunami, 2nd historical Showa-Sanriku tsunami and 3rd predicted Miyagi-Oki earthquake tsunami). The map of the Kokudo Chiriin (国土地理院, Geographical Survey Institute = GSI) has been created on a scale of 1: 25000 and is intended for printing on A3 paper . The damage prediction study was carried out by Iwate Prefecture in 2003 and 2004.

10 万分 1 浸水範囲概況図 , 国土地理院 ( Kokudo Chiriin , Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, formerly: Geographical Survey Institute = GSI), www.gsi.go.jp: 地理院ホーム> 防災関連> 平成 23 年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震に関する情報提供> 10 万分 1 浸水範囲概況図:

The GSI published here a map with Fudai ( 浸水範囲概況図5 ) on which the 2011 flooded areas are drawn on the basis of reports of aerial photographs and satellite images from the Tōhoku tsunami, as far as was possible.

Individual evidence

↑ 三陸復興国立公園みどころ紹介 . In: 三陸復興国立公園 . Ministry of the Environment (Japan) , accessed August 12, 2016 (Japanese).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f 明治の教訓、１５ｍ堤防・水門が村守る… 岩手 . (No longer available online.) In: Yomiuri Online. Yomiuri Shimbun- sha, April 3, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Controversial building - giant wall saved Japanese village from tsunami. In: Spiegel Online . May 13, 2011, accessed May 14, 2011 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online August 15, 2017). With reference to: Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Forensic investigation of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster: a case study of Rikuzentakata , Disaster Prevention and Management, 26 (3) (2017), pp. 298-313 , doi: 10.1108 / DPM-10-2016-0213 .
↑ Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (Published online March 19, 2014). License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Here: p. 3186, Figure 3.
↑ ^a ^b Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online on July 7, 2012), here: p. 1001, Figure 10. License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Structural Measures Against Tsunamis . In: Federica Ranghieri, Mikio Ishiwatari (Ed.): Learning from Megadisasters - Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake . World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2014, ISBN 978-1-4648-0153-2 , Chapter 1, pp. 25–32 , doi : 10.1596 / 978-1-4648-0153-2 ( limited preview in Google Book search). , License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online July 7, 2012).
↑ ^a ^b Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (Published online March 19, 2014).
↑ 集落守った水門、一時危険な状態… 長岡技科大・犬飼助教ら調査 . (No longer available online.) In: Yomiuri Online. Yomiuri Shimbun- sha, April 21, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).
↑ 東日本大震災図説集 . (No longer available online.) In: mainichi.jp. Mainichi Shimbun- sha, May 20, 2011, archived from the original on June 19, 2011 ; Retrieved June 19, 2011 (Japanese, overview of reported dead, missing and evacuated).
↑ ^a ^b 平成 23 年 (2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 157 報) ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite )), 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 157th report, March 7, 2018.
↑ リンク . (No longer available online.) City of Kotooka, archived from the original on March 17, 2005 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).

Remarks

↑ With the expression "disaster-related deaths" the Reconstruction Agency officially defined a category for cases in which death was the result of indirect damage caused by earthquakes, tsunami and nuclear disasters. (Source: Haruka Toda, Shuhei Nomura, Stuart Gilmour, Masaharu Tsubokura, Tomoyoshi Oikawa, Kiwon Lee, Grace Y. Kiyabu, Kenji Shibuya: Assessment of medium-term cardiovascular disease risk after Japan's 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident: a retrospective analysis . In : BMJ Open . Band 7 , no. December 12 , 2017, p. 1–9 , doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen-2017-018502 . (Published online December 22, 2017); License: Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0).)

[1] 三陸復興国立公園みどころ紹介 . In: 三陸復興国立公園 . Ministry of the Environment (Japan) , accessed August 12, 2016 (Japanese).

[Yomiuri,_Flutwehr-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f 明治の教訓、１５ｍ堤防・水門が村守る… 岩手 . (No longer available online.) In: Yomiuri Online. Yomiuri Shimbun- sha, April 3, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).

[SPON-3] Controversial building - giant wall saved Japanese village from tsunami. In: Spiegel Online . May 13, 2011, accessed May 14, 2011 .

[NakasuEtAl2018_IJDRR_27_pp21-36_NakasuEtAl2017-4] Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online August 15, 2017). With reference to: Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Forensic investigation of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster: a case study of Rikuzentakata , Disaster Prevention and Management, 26 (3) (2017), pp. 298-313 , doi: 10.1108 / DPM-10-2016-0213 .

[TsujiEtAl2014_PAG171_3183-3215_p3186Fig3-6] Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (Published online March 19, 2014). License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Here: p. 3186, Figure 3.

[SuppasriEtAl2013_PAG170_993–1018_LL2_p1001Fig10-7] Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online on July 7, 2012), here: p. 1001, Figure 10. License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0).

[Ranghieri&Ishiwatari2014_LFM_Kap1_S25-32-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Structural Measures Against Tsunamis . In: Federica Ranghieri, Mikio Ishiwatari (Ed.): Learning from Megadisasters - Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake . World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2014, ISBN 978-1-4648-0153-2 , Chapter 1, pp. 25–32 , doi : 10.1596 / 978-1-4648-0153-2 ( limited preview in Google Book search). , License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.

[SuppasriEtAl2013_PAG170_993–1018_LL2-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Anawat Suppasri, Nobuo Shuto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, Erick Mas, Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner: Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: Performance of Tsunami Countermeasures, Coastal Buildings, and Tsunami Evacuation in Japan . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 170 , no. 6-8 , 2013, pp. 993-1018 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-012-0511-7 . (Published online July 7, 2012).

[TsujiEtAl2014_PAG171_3183-3215-10] Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (Published online March 19, 2014).

[Yomiuri,_Tsunami-11] 集落守った水門、一時危険な状態… 長岡技科大・犬飼助教ら調査 . (No longer available online.) In: Yomiuri Online. Yomiuri Shimbun- sha, April 21, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).

[mainichi,_Überblick-12] 東日本大震災図説集 . (No longer available online.) In: mainichi.jp. Mainichi Shimbun- sha, May 20, 2011, archived from the original on June 19, 2011 ; Retrieved June 19, 2011 (Japanese, overview of reported dead, missing and evacuated).

[FDMA_2018-03-07-13] 平成 23 年 (2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 157 報) ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite )), 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 157th report, March 7, 2018.

[14] リンク . (No longer available online.) City of Kotooka, archived from the original on March 17, 2005 ; Retrieved April 28, 2011 (Japanese).

[A1_RA-disaster-related_deaths-5] With the expression "disaster-related deaths" the Reconstruction Agency officially defined a category for cases in which death was the result of indirect damage caused by earthquakes, tsunami and nuclear disasters. (Source: Haruka Toda, Shuhei Nomura, Stuart Gilmour, Masaharu Tsubokura, Tomoyoshi Oikawa, Kiwon Lee, Grace Y. Kiyabu, Kenji Shibuya: Assessment of medium-term cardiovascular disease risk after Japan's 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident: a retrospective analysis . In : BMJ Open . Band 7 , no. December 12 , 2017, p. 1–9 , doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen-2017-018502 . (Published online December 22, 2017); License: Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0).)