Iwaizumi (Iwate)

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Iwaizumi-chō
岩 泉 町
Iwaizumi (Iwate) (Japan)
Red pog.svg
Geographical location in Japan
Region : Tōhoku
Prefecture : Iwate
Coordinates : 39 ° 51 '  N , 141 ° 48'  E Coordinates: 39 ° 50 '35 "  N , 141 ° 47' 47"  E
Basic data
Surface: 992.36 km²
Residents : 8949
(October 1, 2019)
Population density : 9 inhabitants per km²
Community key : 03483-5
Symbols
Flag / coat of arms:
Flag / coat of arms of Iwaizumi
Tree : Japanese red pine
Flower : Bluebell tree
Bird : Copper pheasant
town hall
Address : Iwaizumi Town Hall
59 Aza Sōhata, Iwaizumi
Iwaizumi -chō, Shimohei-gun
Iwate  027-0595
Website URL: http://www.town.iwaizumi.iwate.jp/
Location of Iwaizumis in Iwate Prefecture
Location of Iwaizumi in the prefecture

Iwaizumi ( Japanese 岩 泉 町 , - chō ) is a Japanese city ​​in Shimohei County in Iwate Prefecture .

geography

Iwaizumi is located in the Kitakami mountain range , which here rises to an altitude of 1,300 m, but mostly has an altitude of 500 to 700 m. The settlement extends mainly over the river valleys of the Omoto-gawa ( 小 本 川 ), which are 100 to 200 m deep. Despite an area of ​​almost 1000 km², more than that of Berlin , the population is therefore only 8949. The eastern boundary is the Pacific Ocean with the Sanriku coast .

Neighboring communities are Kuji in the north, Noda in the north-northeast, Fudai in the east-northeast, Tanohata in the east, Miyako in the south, Morioka in the southwest and Kuzumaki in the northwest.

history

Sauropod fossil known under the trivial name "Moshisaurus"
(not determined on the level of the family , genus and species ; exhibited in the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Tokyo)

The community Iwaizumi was formed on April 1, 1889 during the reorganization of the Japanese community from the former villages Iwaizumi ( 岩 泉村 , - mura ), Amabitai ( 尼 額 村 ), Otomo ( 乙 茂 村 ), Saruzawa ( 猿 沢 村 ) and Nishōishi ( 二 升 石村 ) in the district of Kitahei , which was merged with other districts to form Shimohei district in 1896.

On August 1, 1922, it was upgraded to a district town (chō) . On September 30, 1956, the villages of Akka ( 安家 村 ), Ugei ( 有 芸 村 ), Ōkawa ( 大 川村 ) and Omoto ( 小 本村 ) were incorporated, and on April 1, 1957 Kogawa ( 小 川村 ).

In 1978, in the district of Moshi ( 茂師 Omoto), in a layer of rock from the Cretaceous period , a humerus of a sauropod found what represented the first discovery of a dinosaur fossil on Japanese soil. Due to the strong tectonic and volcanic activity of the Japanese archipelago, dinosaur finds are generally rare. Due to the poor state of preservation, a scientific classification has not been possible so far, so that it is known colloquially as "Moshisaurus" ( モ シ リ ュ ウ Moshi-ryū ) after its place of discovery .

Natural disasters

Tsunami floods in Omoto in 1896 , 1933 and 2011 :
blue : area severely damaged in 1896
green : flooded area in 1933
red : area flooded in 2011 with flood levels (triangles) and run-up levels (circles)

In the Omoto area of ​​the city of Iwaizumi, the tsunamis of 1896 ( Meiji-Sanriku tsunami : tsunami heights between 10 and 20 m), 1933 ( Shōwa-Sanriku tsunami : recorded tsunami heights between 3 and 13 m) and 2011 ( Tōhoku tsunami ) to similar flood areas. The 1960 Chile tsunami reportedly flooded 1 km from the estuary, raising the water level by one meter. According to other sources, the 1960 tsunami was 3–4 m high.

The Tōhoku tsunami of March 11, 2011 overcame the coastal dike and the flood barrier built in 1990. It flooded an area of ​​one square kilometer in Iwaizumi. The measured flood depth in the residential area east of the Omoto River was 5 m. To the west of the Omoto River, the 2011 tsunami flooded agricultural areas with tsunami heights of 6 to 10 m. Seaward of the Omoto flood weir, the measured run-up height was 20 m. The natural disaster of the Tōhoku earthquake with the subsequent tsunami claimed 10 deaths in Iwaizumi. 177 residential buildings were completely destroyed and 23 others partially. The flood area affected the residential areas of 10.7% of the population of Iwaizumi, which at that time comprised 10,693 residents.

Comparison of the balance sheets of completely destroyed houses and victims in Iwaizumi for the disasters of 1896, 1933 and 2011
Disaster event Completely destroyed houses Death toll source
Meiji 1896 (earthquake and tsunami) 132 364
Shōwa 1933 (earthquake and tsunami) 97 156
Tōhoku 2011 (earthquake and tsunami) 177 7th
Note: The death toll for the 2011 Tōhoku disaster is calculated from the total number of dead and missing in the 153rd FDMA damage report of March 8, 2016, minus the figures for catastrophe-related deaths determined by the Reconstruction Agency (RA).
Path of Typhoon 10 of 2016 in the Pacific until August 30, 2016

The floods caused by Typhoon 10 in 2016 (also known as Typhoon Lionrock in the US, and Typhoon Dindo in the Philippines ) caused immense damage in the Tōhoku and Hokkaidō regions, leaving 27 dead and missing. The care facility ran-ran (楽 ん 楽 ん / ら ん ら ん) for elderly people with dementia in Iwaizumi, in which all nine residents died after the city failed to take appropriate emergency evacuation measures, contributed to the high number of victims . The heavy rains caused the Omoto River (Omoto gawa) to swell to a height of around 6.6 meters on the evening of August 30, 2016, causing the 4.9-meter-high river dam to cross over. The flooding in the facility reached the second floor. Rescue workers did not arrive until around 11 hours later, in the early morning of August 31. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe visited the facility on October 8, 2016. Minister of State for Civil Protection (内閣 府 特命 担当 大臣 - 防災) Jun Matsumoto conducted an on-site investigation after Typhoon 10. This case, along with other cases, resulted in the Sediment Disaster Prevention Act being revised in May 2017 to improve the evacuation system for facilities for the most vulnerable. According to the revised law, the owner or manager of such facilities, which are located in the sediment disaster zones, is obliged to draw up a plan for the execution and implementation of the evacuation and to conduct evacuation drills to ensure a smooth and immediate evacuation of the users of his facility. The heavy rain in 2016 flooded the underground lakes of the Ryūsendō limestone cave, whose paths, switch cabinets and other facilities were damaged by the flooding and whose water, famous for its clarity, became cloudy and dark by the typhoon. The cave complex and its infrastructure took months to repair, making the water crystal clear again, and the cave reopened in March 2017.

Attractions

Ryūsendō

The most important sights of Iwaizumi are its caves. The Ryūsendō ( 龍泉 洞 ) cave , with a length of 5 km, is one of the three largest stalactite caves in Japan. It has underground rivers and four underground lakes, one of which is 120 m deep, the deepest in Japan.

Akkadō ( 安家 洞 ) is again the longest cave in Japan with a length of 23.7 km.

traffic

Tsunami evacuation stairs on National Road 45
Evacuation stairway at the Omoto Elementary School.jpg
Evacuation stairs with a view of National Road 45
Evacuation stairway of the Omoto Elementary School in the town of Iwaizuma Iwate Prefercture.jpg
Evacuation stairs with a view of Omoto Elementary School


The Omoto Primary School is directly surrounded by cliffs that tower over 10 meters high. In March 2009 , the MLIT built a 30-meter-long evacuation staircase with 130 steps along the national road 45, which runs directly behind the school, so that the students can evacuate to safer terrain without a detour . When the school building and the sports hall were flooded by the Tōhoku tsunami on March 11, 2011 , the 88 primary school students were able to save themselves via the stairs.

The most important highways are the national road 45 running along the coast to Sendai or Aomori , the national road 340 running in the hinterland from north to south to Rikuzentakata or Hachinohe , as well as the national road 455 running from west to east to Morioka.

Connection to the rail network exists via the Kita-Rias line of the regional railway company Sanriku Tetsudō.

Personalities

Web links

Commons : Iwaizumi  - collection of images, videos and audio files
The tsunami hazard map with its tsunami flood information is based on three tsunami simulations (1st historical Meiji-Sanriku tsunami, 2nd historical Showa-Sanriku tsunami and 3rd predicted Miyagi-Oki earthquake tsunami). The map of the Kokudo Chiriin (国土 地理 院, Geographical Survey Institute = GSI) has been created on a scale of 1: 25000 and is intended for printing on A3 paper . The damage prediction study was carried out by Iwate Prefecture in 2003 and 2004.
  • 10 万分 1 浸水 範 囲 概況 図 , 国土 地理 院 ( Kokudo Chiriin , Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, formerly: Geographical Survey Institute = GSI), www.gsi.go.jp: 地理 院 ホ ー ム> 防災 関 連> 平 成 23 年 （2011年） 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 に 関 す る 情報 提供> 10 万分 1 浸水 範 囲 概況 図:
The GSI published here a map with Iwaizumi ( 浸水範囲概況図5 ) on which the 2011 flooded areas are drawn on the basis of reports of aerial photographs and satellite images from the Tōhoku tsunami, as far as was possible.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Yoichi Azuma, Yukimitsu Tomida: Japanese Dinosaurs . In: Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Elsevier, 1997, ISBN 0-08-049474-9 , pp. 375 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (Published online March 19, 2014). License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Here: p. 3208, Figure 16.
  3. ↑ a b c Yoshinobu Tsuji, Kenji Satake, Takeo Ishibe, Tomoya Harada, Akihito Nishiyama, Satoshi Kusumoto: Tsunami Heights along the Pacific Coast of Northern Honshu Recorded from the 2011 Tohoku and Previous Great Earthquakes . In: Pure and Applied Geophysics . tape 171 , no. 12 , 2014, p. 3183-3215 , doi : 10.1007 / s00024-014-0779-x . (First published online on March 19, 2014). License: Creative Commons Attribution License.
  4. ↑ Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online August 15, 2017).
  5. ↑ 平 成 23 年 (2011 年) 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 （東 日本 大 震災） に つ い て (第 157 報) ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento of March 18, 2018 on WebCite )), 総 務 省 消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 157th report, March 7, 2018.
  6. ↑ Shinichi Omama, Yoshihiro Inoue, Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Tomohiko Mase: First aid stations and patient demand in tsunami-affected areas of Iwate Prefecture following the Great East Japan Earthquake . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 31 , 2018, p. 435-440 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2018.06.005 . (First available online on June 12, 2018). License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
  7. ↑ a b c d e Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online August 15, 2017). With reference to: Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Forensic investigation of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster: a case study of Rikuzentakata , Disaster Prevention and Management, 26 (3) (2017), pp. 298-313 , doi: 10.1108 / DPM-10-2016-0213 .
  8. ↑ a b White Paper on Disaster Management 2017 (PDF, approx. 247 pages), http://www.bousai.go.jp/ (Cabinet Office Japan / 内閣 府), Disaster Management in Japan, here: page 87f, A-31, access via website: " White paper on Disaster Management ".
  9. ↑ a b ９ 人 死亡 の 岩手 ・ 岩 泉 町 、 避難 指示 出 さ ず 台風 10 号 ( Memento from August 9, 2018 on WebCite ) , nikkei.com, August 31, 2016.
  10. ↑ White Paper on Disaster Management 2018 ( Memento from December 15, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF, approx. 237 pages), Cabinet Office Japan / 内閣 府, Disaster Management in Japan, http://www.bousai.go.jp / (Cabinet Office Japan / 内閣 府), Disaster Management in Japan, pp. 27, 29. Access via website: " White paper on Disaster Management ".
  11. ↑ Ryusendo Cave's mystical blue lakes shine again after typhoon ( Memento from August 24, 2018 on WebCite ) , asahi.com (The Asahi Shimbun), March 16, 2017, by Hiroaki Abe.
  12. ↑ 龍泉 洞 . In: 日本 の 地名 が わ か る 事 典 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved July 18, 2018 (Japanese).
  13. ↑ Ryusendo Cave. In: japan-guide.com. Retrieved July 18, 2018 .
  14. ↑ 安家 洞 . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved July 18, 2018 (Japanese).
  15. ↑ Junko Sagara: Multifunctional Infrastructure . In: Federica Ranghieri, Mikio Ishiwatari (Ed.): Learning from Megadisasters - Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake . World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2014, ISBN 978-1-4648-0153-2 , Chapter 4, pp. 49–53 , doi : 10.1596 / 978-1-4648-0153-2 ( work accessible online on Google Books ). , License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO, here p. 51, Figure 4.4 "Evacuation stairway at the Omoto Elementary School - Source: MLIT.".
  16. ↑ Junko Sagara: Multifunctional Infrastructure . In: Federica Ranghieri, Mikio Ishiwatari (Ed.): Learning from Megadisasters - Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake . World Bank Publications, Washington, DC 2014, ISBN 978-1-4648-0153-2 , Chapter 11, pp. 99-108 , doi : 10.1596 / 978-1-4648-0153-2 ( work accessible online on Google Books ). , License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO, here p. 101, BOX 11.2 "Tsunami evacuation routes for schools", "Source: Cabinet Office (CAO) and MLIT".

Remarks