Shabaka

Name of Shabaka
Horus name	Sebeq-taui Sbq-t3.wj Merger of the two countries
Sideline	Sebeq-taui Sbq-t3.wj Merger of the two countries
Gold name	Sebeq-taui Sbq-t3.wj Merger of the two countries
Throne name	Nefer-ka-Re Nfr-k3-Rˁ (With) perfect Ka of Re / (With) perfect Ka, a Re
Proper name	Shabaka (Scha ba ka) Š3 b3 k3 Shabaka Š (3) b3 k3
Greek after Herodotus	Sabakos

Shabaka (also Sabakos ) was the 4th Pharaoh (King) of the Cushite 25th Dynasty and the first to reside in Egypt . Schabaka is the successor to Schebitko . His reign is around 707/706 to 691 BC. To apply. He is the son of Kashta and Pabatma, brother of Amun's wife of God , Amenirdis I , father of Amun's high priest , Haremachet , and perhaps Tanwetamani . One consort is Mesbet.

Regency

Shabaka came to the throne in the fifth year of the Bakenrenef's reign , about ten to eleven years after Tefnachtes came to power and about 30 to 31 years after Pije's rule. In his sophomore year, Shabaka conquered Egypt, perhaps in response to Bakenrenef's expansive aspirations. According to Manetho, he is said to have burned this alive, which is, however, strongly doubted.

Clay bull with the seal impressions of Shabaka and the Assyrian King Sennacherib , found in Niniveh .

Shabaka completes an Apis burial begun by Bakenrenef (inscription in the Apis tomb from the second year). This marks the transfer of power in Memphis . The establishment of his rule cannot be reconstructed in detail. It is documented in the delta by donation steles from Pharbaithos (year 2; local prince Patjenfi (2)), Safata near Bubastis (year 3; Schabaka directly subordinate to?), Buto (year 6) and witnesses to the building activity, while in Karnak there is also a Nile stand note the supremacy of Shabaka in the 2nd year. A commemorative scarab that was issued after the victory lists the victory over the rebels in the north and south of Egypt and in the foreign countries as well as the Bedouins submitting to Shabaka ( Sinai ? Or allusion to the small principalities of southern Palestine ?). The "Ethiope" Ammeris (prosaic dynasty ), named for Sais by Manetho, was probably a governor of Shabaka in the north.

Schabaka's oldest document dates from his 15th year of reign to the 15th Schemu II , which is why Rolf Krauss dates from 716/715 BC. As the last possible beginning of government (November 21st ^greg. ).

Title

In choosing his archaic title, he revives the tradition.

• Horus -, Nebti - and gold names : " Who blesses the two countries"
• Throne name : Nefer-ka-Re ("With perfect Ka, a Re")

Another sign of the preservation of ancient traditions is that he has an important text on Egyptian religion , the memphite theology , transferred from a "worm-eaten papyrus" onto a granite slab. The text probably comes from the 18th or 19th dynasty , but could also be political propaganda by Shabaka himself. The experts do not fully agree on this.

Shabaka avoided any confrontation with the Assyrian empire under Sharrukin ( Sargon II ), which meanwhile controlled the Syrian-Palestinian area. King Iamani of Ashdod rose against Sargon , perhaps with the help of Osorkon IV . Iamani himself had overthrown his predecessor Achimeti. This was a supporter of Assyria . After Ashdod and other cities were conquered by Sargon, Iamani fled to Egypt, but was handed over to Assyria by Shabaka.

Building and Cult Policy

In Bubastis the handle of a sistrum ; a lintel in Athribis ; in Sais two steles and the stelae from the river delta ; in Memphis and Saqqara, among other things, one [or more] chapels, a second Apis burial of his government in the 14th year, stele, statuettes and smaller objects; in the oasis Bahariyya a block; in Abydo's tomb or cenotaph of the daughter of Shabakah; in Dendera enclosure wall and monuments made of gold and silver after the stele of the builder Paudenhor; in Medamud a pillared hall, in Medinet Habu a pylon of the little temple; in Karnak the restoration of the 4th pylon and porch, decoration in the Ptah temple, renovation of the “treasure house” in the north of the festival hall of Thutmose III. and work on a "gold house" (pillar building north of the 3rd pylon), consecration (with amenirdis ) of a chapel of Osiris-Lord-of-Life, predecessor of the building of Taharqa on the Holy Lake ; in Luxor reliefs and portico; in Wadi Hammamat an inscription from the 12th year and in Esna a naos. There is no evidence of Shabaka in Lower Nubia (not even in Elephantine). Evidence of this can be found in Sudan such as work on the temple of Kawa (column with consecration to Anukis); Small finds, including ceremonial stamps from the Dongola basin .

His grave

Shabaka was buried in a pyramid in El-Kurru in Sudan . Remnants of the grave equipment have been preserved. In addition, as with Pije, the grave of his horses was found. His royal sculpture is also very well preserved.

The memory of Shabaka and the other pharaohs of the Kushitic dynasty is later pursued by Psammetich II .

literature

• Horst Beinlich: Comments on the Schabaka stone. In: Göttinger Miscellen . (GM) Volume 122, Göttingen 1991, pp. 15-20.
• Karl Jansen-Winkeln : The Chronology of the Third Intermediate Period: Dyns 22-24. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 234-264 ( online ).
• Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the New Kingdom to the Late Period. Marix, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-7374-1057-1 , pp. 197-200.
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 244-246.

Web links

Commons : Schabaka  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Angelika Lohwasser :  Schabaqo. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (eds.): The scientific biblical lexicon on the Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff., Accessed on May 26, 2012.

Individual evidence

predecessor	Office	successor
Shebitko	Pharaoh of Egypt 707/706 to 692/691 BC Chr.	Taharqa
Shebitko	King of Nubia 707/706 to 692/691 BC Chr.	Taharqa