Sharp-toothed ray pen
| Sharp-toothed ray pen | ||||||||||||
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Branch of the Actinidia arguta variety ' Weiki ' |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Actinidia arguta | ||||||||||||
| ( Sieb. & Zucc. ) Planch. ex Miq. |
The sharp- toothed ray pen ( Actinidia arguta ), also called kiwi berry, honey berry, kokuwa, kiwai or small-fruited kiwi , is a species of plant in the ray pen family (Actinidiaceae). It is native to eastern Asia.
The sharp- toothed ray pen is related to the commercially available kiwi and various other small-fruited species such as black ray pen ( Actinidia melanandra ), Siberian ray pen ( Actinidia kolomikta ) or Japanese ray pen ( Actinidia polygama ). The Actinidia arguta varieties are much more frost-hardy than the kiwi ( Actinidia deliciosa ) and are therefore well suited for cultivation in a temperate climate , such as in Central Europe.
description
Appearance, bark and foliage leaf
The sharp-toothed ray pen is a large, deciduous, woody climber ; the growth form can also be called a winding shrub , it is a liana . The bark of the twigs is woolly hairy at first, later it is bald or rarely downy hairy and no lenticels are visible to the naked eye. In the second year the bark turns grayish-brown and is bare with small, inconspicuous lenticels. The fanned marrow zone is white to brown.
The alternate leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The pink-brown petiole has a length of 3 to 6 (max. 10) cm and is mostly bald, sometimes rust-colored, woolly or hairy. The simple, membranous to paper-like leaf blade is 6 to 12 cm long and 5 to 10 cm wide, mostly ovate to broadly ovate or almost circular, sometimes ovoid-elongated with symmetrical or uneven, rounded to heart-shaped, rarely wedge-shaped blade base and sharply pointed blade tip. The leaf margin is sharply serrated. The dark green upper side of the leaf is bare. The green underside of the leaf is bald or rust-colored, woolly or hairy, especially on the median and lateral nerves. The main nerve and the lateral nerves are conspicuous on the underside of the leaf, not very conspicuous on the upper side. There are five to seven straight or arched lateral nerves on each side of the median nerve. The network nerves are few on the underside of the leaf, inconspicuous on the upper side.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering time is usually in April. The sharp-toothed ray pen is dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). On only 7 to 10 mm long inflorescence shafts stand light to medium brown woolly hairy, lateral, zymous inflorescences that contain only one to seven flowers. There are only 1 to 4 mm lineal bracts present. The flower stalks are 0.8 to 1.4 cm long.
The unisexual flowers are four to six-fold and have a diameter of 1.2 to 2 cm and a double flower envelope (perianth). The buds of calyx and petals are roof tiles (imbricat). The four to six sepals are egg-shaped to elongated with a ciliate margin with a length of 3.5 to 5 mm; they are hairy glandular on both sides or lightly downy hairy to bald on the underside of the leaf. The four to six greenish-yellow or white petals are wedge-shaped-obovate to circular-obovate with a length of 7 to 9 mm. There are many stamens in the functionally male flowers . The silky hairy stamens are narrow and 1.5 to 3 mm long. The black or dark purple-colored anthers are elongated with a length of 1.5 to 2 mm with an arrow-shaped base and their two counters open with slits. In the bottle-shaped functionally female flowers, are multilocular ovary present, the bare and are 6 to 7 mm long. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules . The many free styluses are 3.5 to 4 mm long.
Fruit and seeds
The bald, fleshy, spherical to elongated berries with a length of 2 to 3 cm , which end more or less beak-like, contain numerous seeds. When ripe, the fruit turns from purple-red to gray-brown to greenish-yellow, depending on the variety. The mm with a length of 2.5 elongate seeds contain a relatively large cylindrical straight embryo and two short cotyledons ( cotyledons ). The fruits ripen between August and October.
Chromosome numbers
The chromosome numbers are 58 ( diploid ), 116, 174 or 232.
origin
The sharp-toothed ray pen is on the Kuril Islands , Sakhalin , in the Primorye region , in Korea , Japan , Taiwan and in central China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin , Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) spread as far as the Himalayan mountains . There they usually climb up trees. In China, it thrives in mountain forests, in thickets, on the banks of rivers and in damp locations at altitudes between 700 and 3600 meters.
Systematics
The first description of the sharp-toothed ray pen was in 1843 under the name Trochostigma arguta by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in treatises of the Mathematical-Physical Class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences , 3 (2), p. 727. Jules Émile Planchon presented this species 1867 in Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel : Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3, p. 15 in the genus Actinidia .
Actinidia arguta belongs to the Lamellatae series from the Leiocarpae section in the Actinidia genus .
There are at least three varieties:
- Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var. arguta
- Actinidia arguta var. Giraldii (Diels) Voroschilov (Syn .: Actinidia giraldii Diels, A. arguta var. Nervosa CFLiang, A. kwangsiensis HLLi, A. melanandra var. Kwangsiensis (HLLi) CFLiang): It comes in mountain forests at altitudes between 900 and 2400 meters in Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang above.
- Actinidia arguta var. Hypoleuca (Nakai) Kitam. (Syn .: Actinidia hypoleuca Nakai): It occurs only in Japan on Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.
use
The cultivars are grown in many areas of the world. The main interest in the sharp-toothed ray pen is because of its fruits. Due to the strong and difficult to rot branches of the winding liana, however, it was also used as a construction material, for example for the construction of suspension bridges.
Various varieties have been around in Japan for a long time. In Europe, cultivar breeding began in Ukraine in the mid-20th century by IM Shaitan of the National Botanical Republican Garden of the Academy of Sciences in Kiev. Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic followed. In Austria, the Praskac tree nursery brought unsorted plants to the market for the first time under the Japanese name Kokuwa or translated as honey berries in the 1980s . Contrary to what is often found, these are not variety names.
fruit
The fruits are very sweet and rich (but relatively poor for actinidia) in vitamin C and minerals. Average salary at A. arguta (AA Titljanov according to E. I. Kolbasina):
- Vitamin C 80 mg% ( A. kolomikta 930 mg%, A. deliciosa 100 mg%)
- Vitamin P 55 mg% ( A. kolomikta 26 mg%, A. polygama 48 mg%)
- Carotene 0.28 mg% ( A. kolomikta 0.26 mg%, A. polygama 8.45 mg%)
- Acidity 1.29 mg% ( A. kolomikta 1.26 mg%, A. deliciosa 1.3 mg%, A. polygama 0.93 mg%)
- Sugar content 8.4% ( A. kolomikta 5.7%, A. deliciosa 9%, A. polygama 6.9%)
Cultivation
Since the sharp-toothed ray pen is dioecious, male pollinators are required for female plants at a distance of no more than 20 meters. In plantations , one male pollinator plant is recommended for every six to eight female plants.
The cultivation of the varieties of this species is not yet very widespread because the honeyberry is still relatively unknown. Related small-fruited ray pens are currently offered more as ornamental plants (e.g. Actinidia kolomikta ). Among other things, poor shelf life after harvest is a problem that stands in the way of commercial production. However, there are growing areas in Bavaria, Saxony and other areas in Germany from which fruits are harvested and sold.
There are also efforts worldwide to bring these fruits to market and achieve commercial success with them. In addition to Europe, smaller cultivation initiatives have also emerged in South America, the USA and New Zealand.
Location requirements and care
Due to the frugal and good frost-resistant properties of the sharp-toothed ray pen, it tolerates slow temperature drops down to -30 ° C, cultivation is possible as far as northern Europe. The prerequisite is a frost-free growth period of at least 150 days. Unfavorable conditions are locations at risk of late frost. As the original inhabitant of forest fringes, the plant requires humus soil. The honeyberry prefers slightly acidic substrates, but is not as sensitive to lime as the large-fruited kiwi ( A. deliciosa ). The best conditions for the kiwi berry are low-lime or slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5–6.5); the plants can also thrive at a pH of 7.
The honey berries are sensitive to salt, so mineral fertilizers are less suitable than compost for fertilization. Mulching and a location facing west or east have a positive effect on growth and fruit set. A location exposed to the sun causes the summer water demand to increase extremely. With the plantation-like culture, additional irrigation is necessary due to the high water requirement.
So far, no serious diseases or pests are known. Because of the dioeciousness, a male plant should be planted for pollination. Theoretically, the male plants of the real kiwi ( Actinidia deliciosa ) could also be used for fertilization, but this is not relevant in professional cultivation due to the low frost resistance. In full sun, a plant can produce yields of up to ten to 30 kilograms. The average yield is between 5 and 14 kilograms.
cut
A pruning is not absolutely necessary, but should be made similar to the grapevine and is recommended to increase the yield and to limit the growth in length. Mini kiwis are vigorous plants and require large stance. Assuming a plant spacing of 2.5–3 m and a row spacing of 3–3.5 m, the result is that 1,100 to 1,300 plants per hectare can be grown. The main shoot and side branches should not loop around the wires, they should be pulled straight. If lateral branches develop on flat branches, shorten them to five to seven eyes in summer. Shoots that have given fruit should be cut back to three to five eyes. The removed shoots should be removed every three years. In addition, shoots that are too close or unfavorably positioned are also removed. When the plant has reached a certain age, the removed fruit wood is cut back to young fruit wood (fruit wood renewal). These pruning measures should be carried out in summer or during hibernation, otherwise there may be heavy bleeding because the plant is already under high sap pressure. Water shoots formed in May are removed in June, very late shoots are usually shorter and are shortened to five to seven buds in mid-August. In large systems, this process is carried out using machines and hedge trimmers.
sorts
Robust and high-yielding female varieties are the “ Weiki ” (also called “Bayern-Kiwi”), the “Ananasnaja”, the “Maki” (from Switzerland, synonyms “Amdue” and “Red Beauty”). The "Rote Potsdamer" has also been in Prussian parks for more than a hundred years. There is also "Julia" (also called "Sachsen-Kiwi" because selected in Chemnitz), the "Kiwino", the "Issai" (from Japan), the "Kiwai-Rouge" (possibly synonymous with "Maki") ), "Geneva 2" and "Geneva 3" (the latter a more aromatic further variety). The apple-shaped "Bojnice" comes from the Czech Republic. The only clone that is partially self-fertile (contrary to what is priced in garden centers) is the "Issai", but here, too, the fruit size and the fruit set are more than twice as large when fertilized. In recent years, Ukrainian varieties such as the red-fruited "Purpurna Sadowa" from Shajtan have come onto the market as single plants. This variety is a member of the var. Purpurea, which is also regarded as a separate species A. purpurea.
swell
- Jianqiang Li, Li Xinwei, D. Doel Soejarto: Actinidiaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 12, 2007, p. 334: Actinidia arguta - Online. (Section description, origin and systematics)
- EI Kolbasina: Actinidia in E.П. Куминов (2003): Нетрадиционные садовые культуры. Фолио, Moscow 2003
Individual evidence
- ↑ Actinidia arguta at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Actinidia arguta in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc .: Hardy Kiwifruit (1996) , accessed September 22, 2017.
- ↑ Helmut Pirc: Encyclopedia of Wild Fruit and Rare Fruit Species, p. 24 ISBN 978-3-7020-1515-2
- ↑ Helmut Pirc: Encyclopedia of Wild Fruit and Rare Fruit Species pp. 24-25 ISBN 978-3-7020-1515-2
