Oranienburg Castle
The Oranienburg Palace is located in Oranienburg , the county seat of the county Oberhavel in the country Brandenburg . It is the oldest baroque palace in the Mark Brandenburg .
history
Emergence
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The Slavic settlement Bothzowe became the place Bötzow , where the Ascanian margraves built a castle on a Havel island. This castle, first mentioned in 1288, secured the important Havel crossing. After the Ascanians died out , the castle changed hands several times until it came into the possession of the Hohenzollern family in 1485 through the margrave Johann Cicero . Around 1551, Elector Joachim II replaced the castle with a new hunting lodge, "because of the pleasant area and good hunting opportunities". His successor, Elector Johann Georg , took over the castle and had the interior rebuilt in 1579. The building structures of this renaissance complex can still be found in the present central building of the palace. At the time of the Thirty Years' War there is no news about the fate of the castle.
The Bötzow office had been leased to Frau von dem Knesebeck since 1642 . Theodor Fontane reports that the Brandenburg Electress Luise Henriette von Oranien , first wife of the Great Elector, met Bötzow on a hunting trip together with her husband in 1650. She was immediately reminded of her Dutch homeland and was enthusiastic about the landscape. Thereupon, on September 27, 1650 , Elector Friedrich Wilhelm handed over the office of Bötzow and the associated villages to his wife as personal treasures for life . Louise Henriette planned a country house here in the Dutch style, which was built between 1651 and 1655. The structure of the hunting lodge became part of the central structure of the new castle.
Johann Gregor Memhardt , who had received his training in the Netherlands, was entrusted with the execution of the construction project. In its external shape, with its vertical orientation and the tower structure, the building was clearly oriented towards the contemporary architecture of Dutch classicism. In 1652 the palace was named "the Oranienburg" by the Great Elector. A year later, the place Bötzow was named "Oranienburg". In 1655, Electress Louise Henriette made a solemn entry into the palace. Work on the palace and garden also continued. In 1662, the electoral couple began building the Potsdam City Palace , which could be reached by ship from Oranienburg via the Havel.
Louise Henriette also commissioned Johann Gregor Memhardt with the planning and execution of a pleasure garden southwest of the castle, which was typically Dutch and not strictly oriented towards the castle. The area surrounded by a wall was almost square and strictly geometrically structured. In the middle there was a small pleasure house called a “grotto” on a small hill. The garden itself was primarily used for the cultivation of trees, ornamental shrubs, flowers and vegetables. So the Electress u. a. Potatoes and cauliflower in the Mark Brandenburg. At the instigation of Luise Henriette's son, Elector Friedrich III, his architect Johann Arnold Nering designed the representative entrance portal in 1690. The entrance pillars with pairs of Tuscan columns are crowned by the allegorical figures "Autumn" and "Summer". The wrought iron portal with the monogram of the elector and the electoral hat is also worth seeing.
Oranienburg Castle is one of four castles in Germany named after the House of Orange . They were built for four sisters, rulers who were born in this house. In addition to Oranienburg, these are Oranienstein Castle near Diez and Oranienbaum Castle in Anhalt. The fourth, Oranienhof Palace near Bad Kreuznach, no longer exists.
Use by the electors
Expansion under Friedrich III. (I.)
During the reign of Frederick III / I. (1688–1713) Oranienburg became one of the most important palace, garden and city complexes in the Mark Brandenburg. From 1689 the splendor-loving and building-happy son Louise Henriettes, Elector Friedrich III. , Remodel and enlarge the castle and garden. A building complex was created that was influenced by Italian and French baroque architecture. Construction management had Arnold Nering to 1699, then Eosander von Goethe . First there were fundamental changes to the Corps de Logis, until 1697 two north rear wings with concluding pavilions were built, connected with an accessible arcade.
Under Eosander von Göthe there were changes in the internal structure and decoration of the house. The highlights were the porcelain gallery, the new staircase and the Orange Hall. With the construction of the southern connecting wings to the city-side pavilions from 1709, the expansion of the palace complex was completed. An H-shaped floor plan was created.
In this way, Frederick I , who was now King in Prussia from 1701 , was able to fulfill his duties of representation here as a king. A special feature was the porcelain cabinet, famous among contemporaries, splendidly furnished and adorned with an allegorical ceiling painting by the court painter Augustin Terwesten . The vaulted hare (dining or grotesque) room was painted by the court painter Samuel Theodor Gericke .
The gardens, the pleasure garden, were also lavishly designed. But this was soon dismantled.
After the death of Frederick I in 1713, the castle was hardly used. Friedrich Wilhelm I stayed in Oranienburg only occasionally, only the most essential funds were approved for the castle maintenance. In the palace garden, summer houses and water features were demolished.
Country seat of Prince August Wilhelm
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In 1742, Friedrich II transferred the Oranienburg Palace and Gardens to his younger brother August Wilhelm von Prussia , after his marriage to Luise Amalie von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel . He had the worn baroque rooms restored or redesigned according to contemporary tastes. The master builder Johann Gottfried Kemmeter , who was in charge of repair work on the castle as early as 1727–1729, carried out renovations again on behalf of the prince. Only the baroque stucco ceilings remained untouched. For a short time, court life returned to Oranienburg Castle through August Wilhelm. Numerous festivals were celebrated here with the younger brothers Heinrich and Ferdinand and with friends. August Wilhelm lived in the rooms on the entrance floor, under the former apartment of Friedrich I. In 1758 he died here in the castle at the age of only 35 years. His widow Luise Amalie used it until her death in 1780.
In 1794, Friedrich Wilhelm II , August Wilhelm's eldest son, gave Oranienburg Castle to his daughter-in-law, Crown Princess Luise .
She lived with her husband Friedrich Wilhelm (III.) In the summer of 1794/95 in Oranienburg Palace.
In the years 1858–60 it was converted into a royal teachers' college (until 1925). From 1878 the redesign of the pleasure garden into a landscape park began according to plans by Ferdinand Jühlke .
Private use
In 1802 the palace was given to the pharmacist Dr. Johann Gottfried Hempel from Berlin for 12,000 thalers, with the obligation to operate 50 looms for cotton production here for 15 years. The war against France brought cotton production to a standstill in 1807. In 1814 the son Dr. Georg Friedrich Albrecht Hempel opened a sulfuric acid factory in the castle , which was the first in Prussia to use the lead chamber process . In 1832 the “Chemical Products Factory” was managed by the Royal Sea Trade. The well-known chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge , who discovered aniline and carbolic acid in coal tar in 1833, took over the technical management . In the same year the central part of the castle was largely destroyed by fire. The Orange Hall and other magnificent rooms fell victim to the flames.
The factory produced the first stearin candles in 1835 and the first paraffin candles in 1840 . In 1842 the south-east wing was destroyed by fire. Its remains were demolished and never rebuilt. In 1848 the production facility was relocated from the castle to the mill field. On the initiative of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the palace and garden were again under the management of the Royal Palaces in 1851, which left it to five private tenants. Various possible uses were examined in parallel. From 1853 the use as a teacher’s seminar was considered, but it was not until 1857 that the implementation of this project began. The castle was rebuilt in the years 1858–1860. However, the former living quarters of Frederick I in the northwest wing should continue to be reserved for use by the king or his family. The teachers' seminar existed until 1925. Since June 18, 1858, the 19th anniversary of her death, there has been a memorial to Luise Henriette von Oranien on Oranienburg Palace Square, created by the Berlin sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Wolff . On the occasion of the inauguration, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV announced that he wanted to rebuild the castle.
The 20th century
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Oranienburg Palace was the SS barracks during the National Socialist period from 1933–37 . From 1935 to 1937, the SS death's head associations for the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp were located here . The orangery served as a horse stable during this time. In 1937 the castle was rebuilt, and the main staircase that still exists today was built. From 1937 the police school for foreign use , which was previously in Berlin-Tempelhof, moved in. A three-wing extension was built north of the palace in 1938. From 1941 the colonial police school was housed in this. During the Second World War , the bombing raids on Oranienburg in 1944/45 caused considerable damage to the castle. The demolition of the castle bridge in April 1945 caused further destruction.
The exterior of the castle was restored in 1948–1954. After being temporarily used by the Red Army , it was the officers' school of the Barracked People's Police (KVP) from 1952 and later until 1990 the barracks of the GDR border troops . After the end of the Second World War, the orangery served as an emergency church for the destroyed St. Nicolai Church.
In 1997 the castle was transferred to the city of Oranienburg. Extensive renovation and restoration work began with a high proportion of own funds as well as funds from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and state subsidies.
The city administration moved into the northeast wing of the castle and the eastern area of the Corps de Logis. In 1999, parts of the castle were once again made accessible to museums with the large, internationally acclaimed exhibition “Onder den Oranje Boom”. Since 2001, the palace museum operated by the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg has been located in the north-west wing of the palace and in the western area of the Corps de Logis . The southwest wing houses the district museum of the Oberhavel district.
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State Garden Show 2009
In 2009, Oranienburg hosted the fourth Brandenburg State Horticultural Show under the title Dream Landscapes of an Electress . It ran from April 25th to October 18th of this year. The central project in preparation was the redesign of the military wasteland behind the castle into a park and thus the restoration of the castle park. For this purpose u. a. a new castle harbor and a Havel promenade were created. In addition, the routing of the main street was changed and the bridge route used until 1901 was restored with a newly built castle bridge. In this way, the Schloßplatz was given back its central importance for the city. At the same time, a previously missing third axis was created with the construction of Nehringstrasse between the castle and the district office, thus taking into account the baroque urban layout. Numerous ruins and properties were bought by the city of Oranienburg in order to remedy the urban grievances. As a result of these measures, the historical center of Oranienburg was significantly redesigned and sustainably upgraded.
See also
literature
- Wilhelm Boeck : Oranienburg. History of a Prussian royal palace (research on German art history 30). German Association for Art History, Berlin 1938.
- Titia Hoffmeister: Oranienburg , series of publications by the Friends of the Palaces and Gardens of the Mark in the German Society. V. Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-87584-421-1 .
- Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (Ed.): Oranienburg Castle Museum. Official leader . 2nd Edition. Potsdam 2002.
- General management of the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (ed.): Oranienburg Palace. An inventory from 1743 . Potsdam 2001.
- Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (Ed.): Oranienburg Castle Museum . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-422-04009-0
- Onder the orange boom. Dutch art and culture in the 17th and 18th centuries at German royal courts . Exhibition catalog, Krefeld, City of Krefeld, 1999; Oranienburg, SPSG, 1999; Het Loo (Apfeldoorn), Stichting Paleis Het Loo National Museum, 1999/2000, Munich 1999.
- Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg , Volume 3 ( Havelland ) "Oranienburg Castle".
Web links
- To the palace museum of the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg
- Info flyer Castle Museum Oranienburg (PDF)
- Travel destination Brandenburg
- Oranienburg tourism site
- Nassau-Orange Museum in Oranienstein Castle
- Information board of the city of Oranienburg on Oranienburg Castle (PDF; 349 kB)
Individual evidence
- ^ Samuel Theodor Gericke in the German biography
- ^ Stefan Klemp: The Oranienburg Police Units from 1936 to 1945 . (PDF) Oranienburger Schriften , 1/2015, p. 86
- ↑ Oranienburg has benefited . Märkische Allgemeine; Retrieved April 19, 2014
Coordinates: 52 ° 45 ′ 17 ″ N , 13 ° 14 ′ 12 ″ E