Oranienhof Castle

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Oranienhof Palace was a Baroque palace in Kreuznach in what is now the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate , which was built around 1669 by converting the former Palatinate-Simmerschen Fürstenhof in Neustadt and destroyed again in 1689 during the War of the Palatinate Succession . The name Oranienhof , which initially referred to the widow's residence of Marie von Oranien-Nassau (1642–1688) on today's Hochstraße , was transferred to the former estate of the castle at the end of the 17th century, which is located on the opposite near side on today's site Orange Park was located.

The widow's residence of Marie von Orange-Nassau in Kreuznacher Neustadt

Princess Marie of Orange-Nassau, later Countess Palatine von Simmern, 1642

Marie von Oranien-Nassau, married to Count Palatine Ludwig Heinrich von Simmern (1640–1674) on the Kauzenburg since 1666 , had the Palatinate-Simmerschen Fürstenhof converted into her summer residence, Oranienhof Palace .

The oldest of the castles of the daughters of the House of Orange in Germany was Oranienburg Palace , which Elector Friedrich Wilhelm had built in 1651/52 for his wife Luise Henriette von Oranien (1627–1667), the oldest of the sisters, in Bötzow ( Oranienburg ) in Brandenburg . Albertine Agnes von Oranien-Nassau (1634–1696), a married princess of Nassau-Diez , left the summer palace Oranienwald ( Oranjewoud ) in Heerenveen shortly after 1664 and from 1672 the baroque palace Oranienstein in Dirstein near Diez and the sister Henriette Catharina von Oranien- Nassau (1637–1708), married Princess of Anhalt-Dessau , from 1681 built Oranienbaum Castle in the Nischwitz ( Oranienbaum ) desert .

Baroque portal at Hochstraße 25 ( Spolie ), probably originally from Oranienhof Palace

The engineer and Palatinate-Simmerian court junker Johann Rudolf Stürler (1647–1689) from Bern , a son of Nikolaus Stürler , Freiherr von Belp (1621–1693), Bernese Oberamtmann ( governor ) from Grandson , carried out the conversion of the Kreuznacher Fürstenhof to Schloss Oranienhof and Nyon . Johann Rudolf Stürler had studied at the Athenaeum Illustre Bern and had good technical and mathematical knowledge. He was a brother of Vinzenz Stürler (1662–1734) and died “au milieu de sa carrière (= in the middle of his career)” as a captain - probably captain of the genie  - in the Dutch service. Samuel Chappuzeau (1625–1701) was introduced by Stürler at court on a trip through the city in 1669, visited the “new building” of the castle, the front part of which was already completed by this time, and accompanied the Count Palatine to the riding school (today: primary school Hofgartenstrasse 14 ).

In the new Kreuznach Oranienhof Palace, which was much simpler than the other “mother houses”, four to five rooms were initially set up as apartments. It received a "flower garden on a thick tower that looks into the field", an early example of a baroque, technically complex roof garden north of the Alps. The inventory of the estate shows that there was a cabinet for porcelain in the Oranienhof , which at that time was still very valuable and was imported from China by the Dutch East India Company .

Johann Kasimir Kolb Count von Wartenberg

In 1672 the princess received his share of the property as a gift from her husband Ludwig Heinrich von Pfalz-Simmern. He also offered her the prospect of acquiring the other three-fifths. Elector Karl II of the Palatinate (1651–1685), whose father Karl I Ludwig (1617–1680) had temporarily planned in 1678 to buy “her Palais zu Kreuznach” as a residence for the then electoral prince, compared himself in 1682 with Marie of Orange About the Palatinate shares in the Oranienhof, which had become their widow's residence after the death of Count Palatine Ludwig Heinrich . Margrave Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden (1655–1707) also agreed in 1683/84 that the property would become the sole property of the widow as an allodial property.

Marie von Oranien-Nassau bequeathed Oranienhof Palace with all its accessories in 1688 to her chamberlain and presumed partner, Johann Kasimir Kolb von Wartenberg (1643–1712). Baron von Wartenberg initially planned to transfer the Oranienhof to the Electoral Palatinate as a castle loan. The castle, a four-wing complex, was looted and burned down by French troops as early as 1689 during the War of the Palatinate Succession.

“Oranienhof” economic estate on the site of the former St. Peter's Schaffnerei

Choral women's monastery St. Peter or Oranienhof in the foreground of the drawing Crucenacum ad Navam by Theodor Gottfried Thum, around 1747 based on older models

About 600 meters southwest of Kreuznach's old town, not far from the right bank of the Nahe, at the location of today's Oranienpark , 1,250 meters as the crow flies from Oranienhof Palace in Hochstraße , the Augustinian Choir Monastery of St. Peter was located from about 1140 to 1566/68 (map) .

The monastery was closed and abandoned in 1566/68. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the monastery property - like the Oberamt Kreuznach as a whole - belonged to two fifths of Pfalz-Simmern-Kaiserslautern , one fifth of the Electoral Palatinate and two-fifths of the margraviate of Baden-Baden . Marie von Oranien-Nassau had part of the abandoned monastery transformed into a Dutch factory . In the model farm of the dairy were kept "some 20 milking cows." The princess also had a " cruet for her pleasure" there. A pleasure palace there was not completed because of the war.

The Nonnenwald belonging to the monastery (above today's Nachtigallenweg) was renamed Oranienwald or Oranienwäldchen , and the field names Oranienberg , Oranienhardt , in Oranienhof , Oranienwiese (below the Kauzenberg on the Nahe) and Oranienstrasse are still reminiscent of the Princess of Oranien.

After the destruction of the castle on Hochstrasse in 1689, the name "Oranienhof" was transferred to the property of the St-Peter Schafferei, which soon also fell apart. Stones from the former monastery and the farm yard seem to have been used for the construction of the Lutheran Wilhelmskirche between 1698 and 1700 . In 1698 the presbytery of the Reformed congregation complained to the Oberamt because “all kinds of people gather at the Oranienhof on Sundays and play mischief ”. In 1707 the possessions of the Kolb von Wartenberg were raised to imperial counties by Emperor Joseph I. As an exclave, the Oranienhof belonged to the Sembach administrative office .

Orange court on a Carte topographique du Canton du Creutznach (detail), around 1805/10
Oranienhof in the topographical survey of the Rhineland by Jean Joseph Tranchot , p. 212 (detail), 1811/12
Oranienhof (front), on the right behind the new hotel building, in the background on the left the grammar school; Carl Schlickum , Henry Winkles : Kreuznach (detail), before 1838
Perspective representation of the Kursaal , Oranienhof and Hotel Rheinstein (later Hôtel de l'Europe ) in front of Kreuznach's old town (from left to right); Original steel engraving by P. Borniger (detail), 1843

The drawing Crucenacum ad Navam [= Kreuznach an der Nahe] by Theodor Gottfried Thum from around 1747 shows an intact building complex in the right foreground. It is, however, a copy of older models, which essentially reflect a peaceful state around 1645 and in which only a few war damage (e.g. at the Kauzenburg ) was entered.

The Oranienhof remained in the possession of the Wartenberg family until the indebted county was placed under Sequester in 1782 . In 1784/88/91, Count Franz von Sickingen (1760–1834) acquired the property as the highest bidder.

By this time at the latest, the courtyard building with barn and stables had been restored. The ecclesiastical administration in Heidelberg and the electoral court chamber of the Electoral Palatinate raised ownership claims to the former St. Peter's monastery in 1790, which were finally settled in 1791/93 through an exchange and settlement with Sickingen with the consent of Emperor Franz II . Through the French occupation and annexation of the left bank of the Rhine in 1794/97, the property came into state ownership and was leased to Eberhard Hönes in 1796, who belonged to the municipal council in 1801. Reichsgraf Ludwig Kolb von Wartenberg-Rot received compensation for the loss of the Oranienhof in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 because no effective transfer of ownership to Sickingen had taken place.

In 1803, the Oranienhof national estate with farm buildings (house with cellar and storage, barn, wine press, stable), Bering , 0.6 hectares of vegetable and tree gardens, 55.2 hectares of fields, 3 hectares of meadows and 12.5 hectares of hedge land was acquired in Koblenz the merchant Johann Heinrich Schellhaas from Kaiserslautern for 38,200 francs . At the beginning of the 19th century, the old Oranienhof was partially demolished. The innkeeper Carl Friedrich Pitthan († 1845) and his wife Johanna Karoline Philippine Schellhaas (1810–1857) built the luxury and bathing hotel Oranienhof on this site next to the earlier buildings from 1834–42 .

In 1929 the complex was demolished because it was in disrepair.

swell

  • Pfaffenschwabenheim and St. Peter-Kreuznach , 1484–1693; Mainz City Archives (14 archives of the Mainz Jesuits (college, novitiate), files and official registers from the electoral period up to 1798)
  • Three inventories of the property of the Duchess Maria von Simmern , 1667–1697; Inventories of the estate of Duchess Maria von Simmern , 1688; The Oranienhof at Kreuznach and the donation of the same to the Duchess Maria von Simmern, the same construction chased duty-free likewise , 1684/85 (in: Copies of previous years), and Testament of the Duchess Maria von Simmern, born Princess of Orange, Original , 1670; State Main Archives Saxony-Anhalt, Dessau site (Z 44 Dessau Department, A 7b Foreign inheritance from the families of the princely wives and from foreign legates, Pfalz Simmersche Erbschaft, No. 65-67 and 78, see No. 28, No. 81– 82 and D Foreign Affairs, 3a Secular Electors, No. 4)
  • Inventory of the estate of Count Palatine Marie von Simmern, née Princess of Orange-Nassau , 1688 (copy from 1717), u. a .; Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (holdings 3036 total inventory of the old Dillenburg archive, section 171 files (old Dillenburg archive), No. H 2470/2, among others)
  • Promemoria concerning the Oranienhof and the Fürstenhof near and in Kreuznach , 1752; Bavarian State Library Munich (German manuscripts, Cgm 2655)
  • Kreuznachsche Güter , 1704–1769; Secret State Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage Berlin (II. Main Department General Directorate, Dept. 22 Moers, Geldern, Güter, Neuchatel, Hanover, Vz 912)
  • Orange court of Count von Wartenberg zu Mettenheim and Palatinate-Simmerscher Peterhof of Court Councilor Carmer in front of the city of Kreuznach , 1775; State Main Archive Koblenz (holdings 49 archive of the Barons von Salis Soglio, family Schenk von Schmidtburg, case file 4919)

literature

  • Gotthelf Huyssen: The Heidenmauer and the Christian Kreuznach . In: the other: On Christian antiquity in its relation to pagan. Lectures and studies . J. H. Maurer / Fr. Wohlleben, Kreuznach 1870, pp. 317–356 ( Google Books )
  • Walter Zimmermann (arrangement): Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreis Kreuznach (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz 18/1), L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1935, p. 91 (reprint: Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1972 ISBN 3-422-00540-4 )
  • Karl Hessel: On the history of the Oranienhof in Kreuznach (special print from the public gazette for the Kreuznach district ). s. n., s. l. 1913
  • Wilhelm Fabricius: The rulers of the lower Nahe area. The Nahegau and its surroundings . (Explanations to the Historical Atlas of the Rhine Province 6). Behrend, Bonn 1914, esp. Pp. 91 * –98 * and pp. 1–130 ( digitized version of the State Library Center Rhineland-Palatinate Koblenz)
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Weber: The Palatinate noble family of Kolbe von Wartenberg. Descent, property and rule in the post-medieval period . Roch, Kaiserslautern 1955, especially pp. 91-93
  • Erhard Hirsch: Cultural-historical relations of Central Germany to the “Dutch Movement” of the 17th century and its continued impact on the Dessau-Wörlitz cultural area . In: Arina Völker, Burchard Thaler (Hrsg.): The development of medical history teaching (Scientific contributions from Martin Luther University Hall 6 = E Pedagogical Contributions 43). Science journalism department of the Martin Luther University, Halle / Saale 1982, pp. 112–146, esp. P. 117
  • Wolfgang Stribrny: The Kreuznacher possessions of the Prussian royal house 1688-1748 . In: Yearbook for West German State History , 31, 2005, pp. 257–267
  • Jörg Julius Reisek: Countess Palatine Marie of Orange-Nassau-Simmern and the Palatinate-Simmersche Fürstenhof zu Kreuznach . In: Bad Kreuznacher Heimatblätter. Supplement to Public Gazette, issue 4, April (2020), pp. 15–19 ( PDF ; 7.93 MB, the Rhein-Zeitung )

Web links

  • o. V .: (handwritten map drawing) Carte topographique du Canton du Creutznach. Arrondissement de Simmern. Department de Rhin et Moselle . undated (around 1805/10). In: Isabelle Laboulais-Lesage (edit.): Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. Manuscrits allemands acquis entre 1950 et 2007… Cartes des parties de l'Allemagne . Strasbourg 2014 ( online edition of the Bibliothèque nationale de France)
  • P. Borniger: Panorama of Kreuznach (steel engraving). Borniger, Frankfurt am Main undated [around 1843] ( digitized version of the Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library in the Deutsche Fotothek )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b In the year 1684, which is often mentioned in the literature as the founding date, the final transfer of ownership of the property to Marie von Oranien-Nassau took place.
  2. ^ A b cf. Albert Rosenkranz: Pastor Wolfgang Christoph Sixt and the Kreuznacher Simultaneum . In: Monthly Issues for Evangelical Church History of the Rhineland (1957), pp. 33–69, esp. P. 57.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Jörg Julius Reisek: Countess Palatine Marie von Oranien-Nassau-Simmern and the Palatinate-Simmersche Fürstenhof zu Kreuznach . In: Bad Kreuznacher Heimatblätter. Supplement to Public Gazette, issue 4, April (2020), pp. 15–19.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Samuel Chappuzeau: Now living Europe . Volume III: The description of a Reyse in Germany ... from the year 1669 . Johann Georg Schiele, Frankfurt am Main 1672, pp. 119–121, cf. S. 1 ( Google Books ).
  5. ↑ See his disputation on the heartbeat of August 5, 1665; David Albinus (Wyss), Johann Rudolph Stürler: Disputatio philosophica de motu cordis . Georg Solleichner, Bern 1665, unpaginated ( digitized version from the Bavarian State Library, Munich). The Cartesian David Wyss was professor of philosophy in Bern from 1662.
  6. ↑ Cf. (Jean-) François Girard: Histoire abrégée des officiers suisses qui se sont distingués aux services étrangers dans des grades supérieurs , Vol. III. B. Louis Piller, Friborg 1782, pp. 117f ( Google Books ); Bernese sexes ( online at www.bernergeschlecht.ch, accessed on October 24, 2014).
  7. ↑ a b c Cf. Willi Wagner: The Wittelsbachers of the Pfalz-Simmern line . (Series of publications by the Hunsrück History Association 34). Hunsrück History Association, Simmern 2003, p. 286f.
  8. ↑ Cf. Christian Schittich: The flat roof - a history of development . In: Klaus Sedlbauer u. a .: Flat roof Atlas . Kösel, Munich 2010, pp. 8–21, especially p. 12.
  9. ↑ See Ulrike Hammer. Electress Luise Henriette . (Studies on the history and culture of Northwest Europe 4). Waxmann, Münster a. a. 2001, p. 74.
  10. ↑ a b Cf. Regest of the deed of donation from Count Palatine Ludwig Heinrich to his wife Marie von Oranien from July 15, 1672 (loss of war); Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (Gräflich Wartenbergsches Archiv, 226).
  11. ↑ Cf. Ludwig Häusser: History of the Rhenish Palatinate according to its political: ecclesiastical and literary conditions , vol. II. J. C. B. Mohr, Heidelberg 1845, p. 693; "Palais" should mean the Palatinate-Simmerian court.
  12. ^ Certificate of December 17, 1682; see. Wolfgang Stribrny: The Kreuznacher possessions of the Prussian royal house 1688-1748 . In: Yearbook for West German State History 31 (2005), esp. P. 258; Copy from 1736 in the Hessian State Archives in Darmstadt (Gräflich Wartenbergsche Archive (War Loss), 246); State Main Archives Saxony-Anhalt (Z 44, A 7b, No. 67).
  13. ↑ Cf. Annelise Stemper (arrangement): The medals of the Count Palatine and Electors near the Rhine , Bd. II The secondary lines . Werner, Worms 1997, p. 644.
  14. ↑ Cf. u. a. Letters from Liselotte von der Pfalz of September 16, 1700 and June 25, 1721; Eduard Bodemann (Ed.): From the letters of the Duchess Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans to the Electress Sophie von Hanover , Vol. I. Hahn, Hanover 1891, p. 415f ( Google Books ; limited preview); Wilhelm Ludwig Holland (Ed.): Letters from Duchess Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans from the years 1721 and 1722 . Laupp, Tübingen 1881, pp. 160–164, especially p. 161 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  15. ↑ Cf. Eduard Vehse : History of the Prussian Court and Nobility and Prussian Diplomacy , Bd. II. Hoffmann Campe, Hamburg 1851, p. 13f, u. a.
  16. ↑ See Landesarchiv Speyer (holdings A 2 Kurpfalz, files, fiefdoms, factual files 760 U, No. 1).
  17. ↑ D. h. "more than".
  18. ↑ Cf. Erhard Hirsch: Cultural-historical relations of Central Germany to the "Dutch Movement" of the 17th century and its continued impact on the Dessau-Wörlitz cultural area . In: Arina Völker, Burchard Thaler (Hrsg.): The development of medical history teaching (Scientific contributions from Martin Luther University Hall 6 = E Pedagogical Contributions 43). Science journalism department of the Martin Luther University, Halle / Saale 1982, pp. 112–146, esp. P. 117.
  19. ↑ See Gotthelf Huyssen: The Heidenmauer and the Christian Kreuznach . In: the other: On Christian antiquity in its relation to pagan. Lectures and studies . J. H. Maurer / Fr. Wohlleben, Kreuznach 1870, p. 347.
  20. ^ Regest of a document dated December 17, 1707; Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (Gräflich Wartenbergsches Archiv (Loss of War), 329).
  21. ^ Johann Franz Capellini von Wickenburg : Manuscript Thesaurus Palatinus ; Bavarian Main State Archive Munich (Secret House Archive, Hs. 317 (1)) ( digitized version of the Heidelberg University Library).
  22. ↑ The model is obviously a copper engraving from Matthäus Merian : Topographia Palatinus Rheni et vicinarium regionum , edition uncertain, after Sébastien de Beaulieu (1644) and his even older model; see. in detail Jörg Julius Reisek: Notes on Kreuznach city views from the early 17th century ( online at regionalgeschichte.net). The merian stitch is also with Karl Geib: The development of the medieval townscape of Kreuznach . In: Otto Lutsch (Hrsg.): Festschrift for the centenary of the grammar school and secondary school in Kreuznach (1819-1919). Robert Voigtländer, Kreuznach 1920, pp. 49–65 and Appendix pp. 1–19, Fig. 5, printed ( digitized version of the Rhineland-Palatinate State Library Center in Koblenz).
  23. ^ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (Mittelrheinische Reichsritterschaft, 159/10 and 183/3; Gräflich Wartenbergsche Archive (war loss), 431 and 435); N / A : The former imperial countship of Wartemberg . In: Intellektivenblatt des Rheinkreises 10 (1827), pp. 167–172, especially p. 169 ( Google Books ).
  24. ↑ See Johann Heinrich Andreae : Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia , Vol. II. Johannes Wiesen, Heidelberg 1781, p. 150 ( Arausionensis Aula, der Oranienhof ); Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert: Handbook for travelers through Germany , Vol. II. Schwickert, Leipzig 1792, p. 146; Friedrich W. Weber: Count Ludwig, the last Kolb von Wartenberg . F. Arbogast, Otterbach 1988, p. 35.
  25. ↑ See Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (72 Lehen- und Adelsarchiv, Sickingen, No. 8108).
  26. ^ Regest of an advertised document from Emperor Franz II dated March 9, 1791; Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt (Count's Wartenberg Archives (War Loss), 435.
  27. ↑ Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz (holdings 256 Prefecture of the Rhine Moselle Department in Koblenz, State Property Administration, No. 6314); Joseph Anton Vahlkampf (Ed.): Reich Chamber Court Miscellen , Vol. II / 1. Taschen & Müller, Gießen / Wetzlar 1806, pp. 187f.
  28. ↑ a b holdings of the Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz (holdings 256 prefecture of the Rhine Moselle Department in Koblenz, sales of state goods, No. 9926, 10141); Wolfgang Schieder (Ed.): Secularization and Mediatization in the four Rhenish departments. 1803–1813 , Vol. II Rhine-Moselle Department . (Research on German social history 5). Harald Boldt, Boppard 1991, p. 530 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  29. ^ Main conclusion of the extraordinary Reichsdeputation of February 25, 1803 ( Wikisource ), § 24.
  30. ↑ Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz (inventory 261 sub-prefecture of the Arrondissement Simmern, financial administration, domain matters (national goods), sales and auctioning, factual file 75).
  31. ↑ Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg (Ms. 6.662 from the collection of historical maps returned to Strasbourg by the Göttingen University Library in 2013).
  32. ↑ The more recent topographical survey of the Rhineland (sheet no. 212, 1811/12) by Jean Joseph Tranchot ( GeoPortal Rheinland-Pfalz) shows a few additional buildings in the city; the area of ​​the Oranienhof was cultivated and fenced in as far as the Nahe in 1811/12.

Coordinates: 49 ° 50 ′ 52.9 "  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 23.7"  E