Black sun

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A representation of the "Black Sun" reproduced from the sun wheel in the former Obergruppenführer hall of the Wewelsburg

The black sun is a symbol that consists of twelve mirrored victory runs set in a ring or three swastikas placed one on top of the other . The symbol is based on a similar floor ornament in the form of a sun wheel, which was embedded in the north tower of the Wewelsburg by the SS during the Nazi era . The ornament was only identified with the older esoteric-neo-Nazi concept of the black sun in 1991. The black sun has been a substitute and identification symbol in the right-wing esoteric to right-wing extremist scene since the 1990s .

The ornament in the Wewelsburg

The Wewelsburg , which was built from 1603 to 1609, was rebuilt from 1934 onwards by order of Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler and under the direction of the architect Hermann Bartels . It was to become an ideological center and meeting place for the SS; from 1935 the project was called "SS School House Wewelsburg" . Originally, ideological training courses for SS leaders were planned there, a so-called "Reichsfuhrer School SS"; in fact, however, the castle was then used as a site for so-called Germanic purpose research . Activities focused on archaeological excavations in the surrounding region and studies of Germanic prehistory and early history , medieval history as well as folklore and clan research .

The former Obergruppenführer hall of the Wewelsburg. In the middle of the room is the ornament, used by forced laborers from the neighboring Niederhagen concentration camp.

Initially, the Voluntary Labor Service (FAD), later the Reich Labor Service (RAD), was used for the renovation . After the Reich Labor Service had withdrawn to build the western wall , prisoners from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp were called in to carry out the renovation work. From 1941 an independent camp ( Niederhagen / Wewelsburg concentration camp ) was run.

The occultist and "private magus" Himmler's Karl Maria Wiligut is said to have had an important influence on the design of the interior of the castle with its mostly pseudo-Germanic characters , ornaments and decorations .

The north tower of the castle was secured and expanded from 1938 to 1943. During this time, the so-called "Obergruppenführer's Hall" was built on the ground floor (the Obergruppenführer were originally the highest SS generals before the rank of " Oberst-Gruppenführer " was introduced ) and underneath the so-called "Crypt". The Obergruppenführer's hall is a circular room in which twelve columns are arranged. In the middle of the light gray marble floor there is a dark green marble incrustation in the shape of a twelve- spoke sun wheel. Originally a gold plate is said to have been in the center of the ornament. It is not known whether the ornament originally had a special name and whether it was given a certain meaning. The sun wheel possibly had a symbolic meaning for the “Germanic light and sun mysticism” propagated by the SS. This floor ornament in the Obergruppenführer's hall is the model of the symbol known today as the Black Sun (picture above right), even if it differs from the original in shape and color.

The “crypt” located below the Obergruppenführer's hall resembles a Mycenaean dome grave in shape . The room in the middle of which the preparation for an eternal flame can still be seen has not been completed. The purpose of the two rooms is unknown. The floors of the tower above the Obergruppenführer hall were demolished. A multi-storey domed hall was to be created here.

From 1941 onwards it was planned to expand the entire Wewelsburg complex into a circular complex with a radius of 600 meters within 20 years. The north tower, with an outer diameter of almost 21 m, the strongest of the three castle towers, was to be the center of the planned complex. The planned ring roads and access roads, buildings and ring walls were aligned with him. After the “Final Victory”, the Wewelsburg was to be expanded into a central SS cult site and designed into the “center of the new world” and a “species-appropriate religion”.

Ceremonial acts by SS leaders probably took place three or four times a year in the Wewelsburg. Contrary to popular belief, the documents that have come down to us do not show any occult background. Annual group leader meetings and swearing-in ceremonies were planned by Himmler. Towards the end of the war he ordered that the Wewelsburg should become the "Reich House of the SS-Gruppenführer".

Interpretations

Black sun made up of three expanded swastics
Decorative plate from the Villanova - necropolis of Verucchio
(... 8-7th century BC, Archaeological City Museum of Verucchio.)
Sketch of an Alemannic decorative disk from the Merovingian period

The number twelve is characteristic of the redesign of the north tower , the possible symbolism of which has not yet been clarified in detail. In the Obergruppenführer's hall, the twelve spokes of the ornament each point to one of the twelve columns in front, which are connected by arcades. The windows and doors of the room are in turn arranged in twelve niches on the outer wall. In the crypt , the central architectural ornament of which is a stylized swastika at the top of the dome, twelve round stone plinths are set up on the wall at equal intervals. According to speculation, the urns of deceased SS leaders were to be erected here.

As an attempt to explain the symbolic content of the number twelve, parallels are drawn to the leading convent of the Teutonic Order in the Marienburg , consisting of twelve knight monks , to the twelve divine sir of the Edda , who act as judges of human fate, to the twelve knights of the table of King Arthur and to the Number of main SS offices . In 1941, SS leader Walther Blachetta called a simple twelve-spoke wheel a “sky wheel” and a “symbol of completion and goal”, regardless of the Wewelsburg ornament; the sun itself was for him the "strongest and most visible expression of God".

The symbol is an original element of National Socialism, although it had no known meaning even at that time. Alamannic decorative disks with similar designs, but without symbolism, served as historical models, which can be interpreted as depictions of the visible sun or its course through the seasons. A swastika enclosed with twelve spokes is also known . Who designed the ornament on the Wewelsburg is unknown; there is also no serious reference to a naming of the sign at that time. It has only been charged with content since the 1990s.

Naming and use after 1945

As early as the 1950s, in an esoteric neo-Nazi circle around the former SS-Oberscharführer Wilhelm Landig, the term black sun was coined as a replacement for the swastika and a symbol for a mystical source of energy that should renew the Aryan race. Since the 1970s, this idea was spread as part of a right-wing esoteric transfiguration of National Socialism and, in particular, from the 1990s onwards, it was further developed by a new generation of right-wing extremist esoteric authors. It was not until 1991 that this concept of the Black Sun was associated with the symbol in the Wewelsburg in the novel Die Schwarze Sonne by Tashi Lhunpo , written under the pseudonym Russell McCloud by the German author Stephan Mögle-Stadel and published by the right-wing extremist Arun Verlag .

The black sun is used by parts of the neo-Nazi scene as a recognition symbol. The symbol is also used in right-hand parts of the neo-pagan scene. In right-wing parts of subcultures such as the Neofolk or Metal scene , the black sun is also frequently used.

Former badge of the Azov regiment

The black sun was also used in the badge of the Azov regiment , a Ukrainian militia founded in April / May 2014 that is highly controversial because of the partially open right-wing extremist political positions of many of its leaders and relatives and the use of corresponding symbols . The black sun was shown in white. It was overlaid by a black wolf tang, the design of which resembles an earlier emblem of the All-Ukrainian association Svoboda . Since August 11, 2015, the regiment has had a new logo that does without the black sun.

The symbol also gave its name to the mystery radio play series Die Schwarze Sonne by Günter Merlau. The series combines historical elements with a fictional story about the detective duo Adam Salton and Nathaniel De Salis. In a complex plot that extends over several narrative strands that are located on different time levels from the 17th century to the time of German National Socialism, the series combines esoteric and mythical aspects of symbolic meaning with the theory of the hollow earth .

The Black Sun and the Wewelsburg also play a central role in the thriller The Genesis Plan (SIGMA Force) by James Rollins .

In the movie Iron Sky , Black Sun is the name for the base the Nazis built on the back of the moon .

The Colombian singer Shakira sold a trailer on her “El Dorado” tour in 2018 - according to her own statements without being aware of it - with the Nazi symbol as a supposed old Inca symbol, but withdrew it after criticism.

The district council member of the Burgenlandkreis Robert Möritz wears a tattoo with a black sun; this triggered a crisis in the Kenya coalition in Saxony-Anhalt and a national political debate about the extent to which it is credible to distance yourself from the right-wing extremist past while wearing a corresponding symbol. As a result of the ongoing discussion, on December 20, 2019, he informed his district executive about his intended "immediate resignation of all party-internal functions and the immediate exit from the CDU".

See also

literature

  • Karl Hüser : Wewelsburg 1933 to 1945 - cult and terror site of the SS. A documentation . 2nd Edition. Verlag Bonifatius-Druckerei Paderborn, Paderborn 1987, ISBN 3-87088-534-3 .
  • Rüdiger Sünner : Black Sun. Unleashing and abuse of the myths in National Socialism and right esotericism . Herder / Spektrum, Freiburg im Breisgau 2001, ISBN 3-451-05205-9 .
  • Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke : Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity . New York University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4 .
  • Friedrich Paul Heller , Anton Maegerle : The language of hatred . Butterfly Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-89657-091-9 .
  • Bernd Sösemann : Audiovisual associations. Comments on the interpretation of the national socialist ideas in the film “Black Sun” . In: Uwe Puschner and G. Ulrich Großmann : Völkisch und national. On the topicality of old thought patterns in the 21st century . Knowledge Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20040-5 (Scientific supplements to the Anzeiger des Germanisches Nationalmuseums, Volume 29), pp. 341–353.
  • Julian Strube : The invention of esoteric National Socialism under the sign of the black sun . In: Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 20/2, 2012, pp. 223–268.

documentation

  • Rüdiger Sünner: DVD Black Sun - Cult places and esotericism of the III. Reichs . absolut MEDIEN GmbH

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sünner: Black Sun , p. 144.
  2. ^ Friedrich Paul Heller, Anton Maegerle: Thule. From folk mythologies to the symbolic language of today's right-wing extremists. Butterfly Verlag, 3rd revised. 2007 edition, p. 81.
  3. ^ Strube, 2012.
  4. ^ The SS school "Haus Wewelsburg" ( Memento from January 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ SS-Zweckforschungen ( Memento from January 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ Information on the history of the castle during the Nazi era
  7. ↑ September 22, 1934 - Heinrich Himmler takes over the Wewelsburg
  8. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism. Marix Verlag, 2004, p. 160ff.
  9. ↑ Documentation “Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror site of the SS ” (PDF; 5.1 MB), p. 225.
  10. ↑ a b c Hüser: Wewelsburg 1933–1945. P. 61.
  11. ↑ Dragons, Heroes, Night Sea Voyages - The Archetype Doctrine of CG Jung ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ruedigersuenner.de
  12. ^ Wewelsburg: SS cult and concentration camp terror ( memento from June 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ); Website z. Currently offline
  13. ↑ a b Wewelsburg district museum: SS architecture. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008 ; accessed on November 15, 2010 (original link dead).
  14. ↑ Documentation “Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror site of the SS ” (PDF; 5.1 MB), p. 214.
  15. ↑ Nicholas Goodrick Clarke: The Occult Roots of National Socialism , p. 197.
  16. ↑ Wewelsburg - Historical Background ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wewelsburg.de
  17. ↑ a b Sünner: Schwarze Sonne , p. 107.
  18. ↑ Walther Blachetta: The book of German symbols. Widukind-Verlag, Berlin-Lichterfelde 1941, p. 80.
  19. ↑ Walther Blachetta: The Book of German Symbols , p. 16.
  20. ↑ Heller, Maegerle: The language of hatred. , P. 77.
  21. ↑ Black sun at Netz against Nazis
  22. ↑ The architecture of the "Obergruppenführer's Hall". Wewelsburg District Museum , 2019, p. 20ff.
  23. ↑ Wulff E. Brebeck: The Wewelsburg - history and structure at a glance. 2nd Edition. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-422-02182-2 , p. 76ff.
  24. ^ Dorothee Renner: The openwork decorative discs of the Merovingian period. Roman-German. Central Museum, Mainz / Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 1970, ISBN 377491091X .
  25. ^ Sünner: Schwarze Sonne , p. 148.
  26. ↑ Information on Bavarian bronze ornamental discs (last paragraph) on the website of the Museum of the Hague
  27. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke : Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press, New York / London 2002, ISBN 0-814-73124-4 , pp. 3f. Quote: “In Austria and Germany, the former SS man Wilhelm Landig revived the ariosophical mythology of Thule, the supposed polar homeland of the ancient Aryans. He coined the idea of ​​the Black Sun, a substitute swastika and mystical source of energy capable of regenerating the Aryan race. "
  28. ^ Strube, 2012
  29. ↑ Russell McCloud : The Black Sun by Tashi Lhunpo. Arun Verlag 1998, ISBN 978-3-92794-024-6 . Reference: p. 42 in ISBN 978-5-88134-185-5 .
  30. ↑ Birgit Rheims: Emblems and Runes. (PDF) Information and documentation center for anti-racism work in North Rhine-Westphalia, 2002, accessed on August 21, 2020 (revised in 2017 by Fabian Jellonnek and Pit Reinesch).
  31. ↑ Azov Battalion - One troop is proud of its brown reputation. Badische Zeitung, September 30, 2014, accessed on December 8, 2014 (The AFP photo at the beginning of the article shows a militiaman with an emblem with the symbolism described here, in a slightly different color compared to the picture here).
  32. ^ Azov Battalion Is Not Neo-Nazi, But Some People In Battalion Are - Umland. (No longer available online.) January 19, 2015, archived from the original on February 23, 2015 ; accessed on February 23, 2015 (English, political scientist and Eastern Europe expert Andreas Umland in an interview with hromadske.tv). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / int.hromadske.tv
  33. ↑ https://vk.com/batalion.azov
  34. ↑ Shakira's fan shop sells Nazi symbols. bento, June 19, 2018
  35. ↑ Shakira unsuspecting: Singer sells jewelry with a Nazi emblem. RollingStone, June 20, 2018
  36. ↑ Robin Alexander: Robert Möritz resigns from the CDU. In: Welt.de. December 20, 2019, accessed December 20, 2019 .