Ledge lily plants

Ledge lily plants
	Common cornice lily ( Tofieldia calyculata ), left (A), and common cornflower lily ( Tofieldia pusilla ), right (B); illustration
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family :	Ledge lily plants
Scientific name
	Tofieldiaceae
	Takht.

The field lily plants (Tofieldiaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the frog-spoon-like (Alismatales). This small family contains three to five genera with about 27 species. Their distribution area is mainly in the northern hemisphere , except for the South American Isidrogalvia .

description

Threefold flower of Harperocallis flava

Appearance and leaves

They are (mostly small) perennial herbaceous plants . They form rhizomes as persistence organs.

The leaves are basal, alternate and arranged in two rows. The simple, parallel-veined leaf blade is sword-shaped, isobifacial, mostly folded and strongly ribbed; they are often so-called "riding leaves". The stomata are anomocytic.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence stems have sessile, foliage-like bracts. The terminal, racemose inflorescences have an inflorescence axis that elongates after fertilization. Under each flower stalk one sitting bract . Typical are the one to mostly three-leaf calyxes ("calyculus", hence the name Tofieldia calyculata ), which sit under the flowers.

Your hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. There are two circles, each with three equally shaped bracts ; they are only flat-cup-shaped at their base and have prominent nerves. There are nine to twelve mutually free stamens . The straight or tightly awl-shaped, flat stamens arise from the upper edge of the flat flower cup. Each seated on a separate Stylodium carpels are only free and able to grow later. Each carpel contains many ovules . The scars are heady.

Fruits and seeds

There are follicles and septizide fruit capsules made with the most prominent ribs that are still encased by the bloom cladding. The deep red, spindle-shaped seeds have a reticulate surface that is striped at the end and a white appendage at one end.

Ingredients and chromosomes

There are steroid saponins and chelidonic acid present. The chromosomes are 0.9 to 2.5 µm long. The basic chromosome number is x = 15 (rarely 14 or 16).

Systematics and distribution

Habit of Harperocallis flava

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Tofieldia okuboi

Triantha occidentalis inflorescence with three-fold flowers

Their distribution area is mainly in the northern hemisphere . There are areas from the permafrost zones to the tropics. Distribution areas are the southern coasts of Greenland, Canada, the northern, eastern and southeastern USA including Alaska, Scandinavia, Central Europe, northern Siberia, central China, Japan, Korea and northwestern South America ( Isidrogalvia in Colombia and Venezuela).

In the past, the genera contained here belonged to the tribe Tofieldieae Kunth within the Liliaceae or to the Melanthiaceae (in Dahlgren et al. 1985) or in 1998 to the tribe Tofieldieae in the subfamily Tofieldioideae (Takht.) MNTamura within the family Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon . 1995 Armen Levonowitsch placed Tachtadschjan in Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Moscow & Leningrad , Vol. 79, 12, p. 65 the family Tofieldiaceae. The type genus is Tofieldia Huds. The Tofieldiaceae today belong in a basal position in the cladogram in the order of the Alismatales .

The family Tofieldiaceae contains five genera with 27 species:

Harperocallis McDaniel : It contains eleven species that are found in Florida and tropical South America. Including:
- Harperocallis flava McDaniel : It isnative tonorthwest Florida .
Isidrogalvia Ruiz & Pav .: The five species are distributed in northwestern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). (They areplacedat Tofieldia by R. Govaerts).
Pleea Michx. (It is included in the genus Tofieldia by some authors ): It contains only one species:
- Pleea tenuifolia Michx. : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 100 meters in the eastern US states of Alabama , Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina .
Tofieldia , also called lilies ledges or Torfsimsen ( Tofieldia Huds. ): 7 to 20 kinds are on the northern hemisphere, in North America and Eurasien widespread. They include, for example:
- Common field lily ( Tofieldia calyculata (L.) Wahlenb. )
- Small ledge lily ( Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers. )
Triantha (Nutt.) Baker (It isincorporatedinto the genus Tofieldia by some authors): Of the four species, three are common in North America and one species occurs in Japan .

swell

The family of tofieldiaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics and description)
Margarita Remizova, Dmitry Sokoloff: Inflorescence and floral morphology in Tofieldia (Tofieldiaceae) compared with Araceae, Acoraceae and Alismatales s.str. In Botanical Yearbooks. Volume 124, number 3, 2003, pp. 255-271, doi: 10.1127 / 0006-8152 / 2003 / 0124-0255 . (Section systematics)
MN Tamura, S. Fuse, H. Azuma, M. Hasebe: Biosystematic studies on the family Tofieldiaceae I. Phylogeny and circumscription of the family inferred from DNA sequences of matK and rbcL. In: Plant Biology. Volume 6, No. 5, 2004, pp. 562-567, doi: 10.1055 / s-2004-821278 .
Anna Haigh: Neotropical Tofieldiaceae. In: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2009.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Tofieldiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Tofieldiaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 18, 2018.
↑ Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson: Harperocallis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 58 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b Anna Haigh: Neotropical Tofieldiaceae. In: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2009.
↑ John G. Packer: Pleea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 59 (English, online ).
^ John G. Packer: Tofieldia. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 60-61 (English, online ).
↑ Chen Xinqi, Minoru N. Tamura: Tofieldia. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 76 (English, online ).
↑ John G. Packer: Triantha. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 61 (English, online ).

Web links

Commons : Tofieldiaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[GRIN-1] Tofieldiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 3, 2014.

[WCSP-2] Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Tofieldiaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 18, 2018.

[FoNA_Harperocallis-3] Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson: Harperocallis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 58 (English, online ).

[Neotropikey-4] Anna Haigh: Neotropical Tofieldiaceae. In: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2009.

[FoNA_Pleea-5] John G. Packer: Pleea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 59 (English, online ).

[FoNA_Tofieldia-6] John G. Packer: Tofieldia. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 60-61 (English, online ).

[FoC_Tofieldia-7] Chen Xinqi, Minoru N. Tamura: Tofieldia. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 76 (English, online ).

[FoNA_Triantha-8] John G. Packer: Triantha. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 61 (English, online ).