Sulawesi tarsier
| Sulawesi tarsier | ||||||||||||
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Tarsius spectrumgurskyae , a species from the northeast of the island. |
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| Tarsius | ||||||||||||
| Storr , 1780 |
The Sulawesi Koboldmakis ( Tarsius ) are a genus of primates . They are small, nocturnal, tree-dwelling animals that are common on Sulawesi and the islands in the vicinity. Characteristics are the strikingly large eyes, the very agile neck and the long hind legs, with which they can jump very far.
features
Sulawesi tarsier, like all tarsier, are very small primates, with a head body length of 10 to 11 centimeters. The tail is 20 to 26 centimeters longer than the body, it is hairless except for the bushy tip. The weight is 100 to 130 grams, with the males being slightly heavier than the females. The short, silky fur is colored gray or yellow-gray. The hind legs are significantly longer than the front legs, the tarsus are greatly elongated. The rounded head sits on a short, very flexible neck, and the eyes, like all Koboldmakis, are greatly enlarged. The hairless ears are also very large and very mobile, the teeth are pointed.
Sulawesi tarsiers have shorter hind legs and feet than the other two genera ( Philippine tarsier ( Carlito ) and Sunda tarsier ( Cephalopachus )). The eyes are also smaller than these. The ears, on the other hand, are relatively large, always over 3 cm long. The rows of teeth are short, the teeth relatively small. The facial fur is always shorter than the body fur, so that the impression of a face mask is created. The upper side of the tail is covered by short, sparsely standing hair, on the last 10 cm the hair is thick and dark. The skin of the tail is dark above, the underside appears segmented. Of the three pairs of teats, one sits on the chest, the other two on the abdomen . The Diana tarsier ( Tarsius dentatus ) has a diploid chromosome set (2n = 46) and it is assumed that this applies to all Sulawesi tarsier.
distribution and habitat
Sulawesi tarsiers are endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi , they inhabit the entire island and are also found on some offshore islands that were connected to Sulawesi during the last Ice Age. The habitat of these animals are forests, whereby they live in primary and secondary rainforests as well as in mangrove forests .
Lifestyle and diet
The animals are nocturnal and sleep in the vegetation during the day. In the night they go in search of food, climbing and jumping vertically. You can jump over 5 meters - with loss of height - using your tail as a rudder. Mostly they stay in the lower regions of the trees, rarely they come to a height of more than 2 meters.
They live in small groups of two to six animals, the groups consist of a presumably monogamous couple and their offspring. Each group inhabits a fixed territory, these areas are 1 to 4 hectares in size. The members of a group sleep in the same place, but have no physical contact. With duet chants performed in pairs, other animals are made aware of their own territory.
Like all Koboldmakis, these animals are pure carnivores, they feed primarily on insects . They also eat scorpions , spiders and small vertebrates such as lizards , birds and bats .
Reproduction
Mating can take place all year round. After a gestation period of around six months, the female gives birth to a single young. This is very difficult at birth and very well developed. As early as four weeks, it begins to hunt prey on its own, after around 80 days it is weaned.
Systematics
Originally all Koboldmakis Sulawesis were assigned to a single species, Tarsius tarsier (formerly Tarsius spectrum ). This name is now only used for the tarsier on the island of Salajar south of Sulawesi. On Sulawesi and the offshore islands eleven valid, recent species of the Sulawesi tarsier have now been described. The species can be distinguished mainly by their vocalizations, morphologically they are all very similar. Bioacoustic studies assume at least 17 species, even after genetic studies there are other species, so it is very likely that the number of species described will increase.
- The Selayar tarsier ( Tarsius tarsier ), the type species of the genus, occurs only on the island of Selayar south of Sulawesi.
- The Diana tarsier ( Tarsius dentatus ) lives in the central area of Sulawesi.
- The Makassar tarsier ( Tarsius fuscus ) is only known from the area around Makassar .
- The Lariang tarsier ( Tarsius lariang ) was described as a new species in 2006 and occurs in the western part of Sulawesi.
- Tarsius niemitzi was described as a new species in 2019. It occurs on the Togian Islands .
- The Peleng tarsier ( Tarsius pelengensis ) is endemic to the island of Peleng, east of Sulawesi .
- The dwarf tarsier ( Tarsius pumilus ) is the smallest member of its genus and lives in the mountainous interior of Sulawesi.
- The Sangihe tarsier ( Tarsius sangirensis ) is endemic to the island of Sangihe north of Sulawesi.
- Tarsius spectrumgurskyae only lives in the east of the northern peninsula (Semenanjung Minahassa).
- Jatna's tarsier ( Tarsius supriatnai ) occurs only in the central part of Semenanjung Minahassa.
- The Siau tarsier ( Tarsius tumpara ) occurs only on the island of Siau , also north of Sulawesi.
- The Wallace's tarsier ( Tarsius wallacei ) was discovered in 2010 and occurs in two isolated populations in central Sulawesi.
On the southeastern peninsula ( Sulawesi Tenggara ) and in the center of Sulawesi there could be other, so far undescribed species.
Danger
The main threats to the Sulawesi tarsier are habitat destruction, persecution by feral pets such as cats, and human hunting for the pet market .
The only group outside of Asia is kept in camera in the English town of Sandwich.
literature
- Thomas Geissmann : Comparative Primatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin a. a. 2002, ISBN 3-540-43645-6 .
- Colin Groves, Myron Shekelle: The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae. International Journal of Primatology, December 2010, Volume 31, Issue 6, Pages 1071-1082, DOI: 10.1007 / s10764-010-9443-1
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
- Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Groves & Shekelle (2010), page 1074-1075.
- ↑ Groves & Shekelle (2010), page 1078-1079.
- ↑ Karin Hollricher: Related dwarfs. Pp. 30–31 in Laborjournal 3/2017
- ↑ Groves & Shekelle (2010), p 1078th
- ^ S. Merker, CP Groves: Tarsius lariang : A New Primate Species from Western Central Sulawesi. In: International Journal of Primatology 27 (2), 2006, pp. 465-485 doi: 10.1007 / s10764-006-9038-z
- ↑ a b Myron Shekelle, Colin P. Groves, Ibnu Maryanto, Russell A. Mitter Meier, Agus Salim and Mark S. Springer: A New Tarsier species from the Togean Islands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, with References to Wallacea and Conservation on Sulawesi. Primate Conservation 2019 (33), 2019, pp. 1–9 PDF
- ↑ a b Myron Shekelle, Colin Groves, Ibnu Maryanto and Russell A. Mittermeier: Two New Tarsier Species (Tarsiidae, Primates) and the Biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia In: Primate Conservation 31 (2017), pp. 1-9 online edition ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.7 MB)
- ↑ Myron Shekelle, Colin Groves, Stefan Merker and Jatna Supriatna: Tarsius tumpara : A New Tarsier Species from Siau Island, North Sulawesi. In: Primate Conservation 23 (2008), pp. 55–64 online edition ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ Stefan Merker, Christine Driller, Hadi Dahruddin, Werdenateti, Walberto Sinaga, Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah & Myron Shekelle (Online First): Tarsius wallacei: A New Tarsier Species from Central Sulawesi Occupies a Discontinuous Range. International Journal of Primatology. doi: 10.1007 / s10764-010-9452-0
- ↑ Burton, J. and A. Nietsch. 2010. Geographical variation in duet songs of Sulawesi tarsiers: evidence for new cryptic species in south and southeast Sulawesi. Int. J. Primatol. 31: 1123-1146.
- ↑ ZTL 18.6
