Svaneke
| Svaneke | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State : |
 Denmark
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| Region : | Hovedstaden | ||||
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Municipality (since 2007) : |
Bornholm's regional commune | ||||
| Coordinates : | 55 ° 8 ' N , 15 ° 9' E | ||||
| Founded: | 1555 | ||||
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Population : (2020) |
1.101 | ||||
| Postal code : | 3740 Svaneke | ||||
| Website: | www.svaneke.info | ||||
 Svaneke around 1900 |
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Svaneke is a small town on the Baltic coast, in the northeastern part of the Danish island of Bornholm . It has a central fishing and marina as well as two small secondary harbors on the outskirts, Vigehavn in the north and Hullehavn in the south at the lighthouse.
Due to the picturesque old town with half-timbered houses from the 18th and 19th centuries, Svaneke is now a popular tourist destination.
In order to preserve the historical townscape, the city had already issued a very restrictive building code in 1940 and registered houses worthy of protection. In 1969 the National Museum issued a preservation plan for Svaneke. For the preservation of its original character, the city of Svaneke was awarded the gold medal of the European Council in 1975 .
The city is home to a diverse cultural and artistic life: painters, ceramists and glassblowers live and work here. There is a fish smokehouse and the Svaneke Bolcher candy factory . Beer has been brewed in Svaneke since 1750 (with a brief interruption). The current Svaneke Bryghus brewery opened in 2000 as one of Denmark's first microbreweries .
history
Svaneke probably existed as a fishing village as early as the 12th century. Svaneke was founded in 1555 as one of the smallest merchant towns in Denmark . The city's status as a merchant town has strongly shaped the city, as can be seen in the area around the port and market, where merchants erected large buildings. The city was frequently visited by Hanseatic merchants in the Middle Ages, especially when the herring was caught between August and October. Along the coast, in the area of Hullehavn, the merchants had set up their stalls and camps and living quarters. (Information boards on site still indicate these places.)
In order to bring even more trade into the city, the port of Svaneke was expanded. The port was so badly damaged by the storm surge of 1872 (many ships crashed on the Bornholm rocky coast) that it had to be rebuilt almost completely. It was decided to expand the port so that larger steamships could now dock there.
Johan Nicolai Madvig received honorary citizenship of his native town Svaneke in 1873 because of his services to the reform of the Danish schools. A year later a bust of him was placed in the store guard. He was the Danish Minister of Culture, President of the Second Chamber and between 1855 and 1879 he was rector of the University of Copenhagen several times.
The city only had smaller industrial plants such as sawmills, breweries and tanneries. In 1953 a fish factory was founded.
Svaneke did not take part in the development of the Bornholmske Jernbaner railways , and the town was not connected.
The Hallebrøndshøj (also Grisby Hallebrøndshøj) is located west of Grisby in Svaneke and is a megalithic site .
Buildings
The well-preserved half-timbered houses in the city are similar in their basic structures, the single-storey construction with a saddle or half-hipped roof, the half-timbered structures and a black tarred rock foundation that compensates for the sloping city terrain. If the difference in height is large enough, the house still has a basement room. The length of the houses is determined by the number of compartments in the framework, each compartment containing a window, as well as - usually in the middle of the house - the entrance door. Large houses, like the one in Kirkebakken No. 6 (built in 1834), have 15 compartments, the small houses 5 compartments. Up until the 19th century, clay or clay blocks were used to brick the compartments. The silting was done by women who made the walls evenly about 6 to 7 inches thick. The completion of the house was celebrated in two stages, the topping-out ceremony when the wooden frame and the clay festival when the silting was complete. The painting of the houses is typically yellow or in the so-called “Bornholm red”. Due to the city's restrictive building regulations, the houses have largely been retained in their original form, only small dormer windows were allowed for better use of the attic spaces.
The Svaneke Kirke - painted in "Bornholmer Red" - is on the outskirts, not far from the city center. A large number of historical gravestones can be seen in the cemetery surrounding the church. The church, a late Gothic building, has an unusually pointed tower compared to the other Bornholm churches, with Svaneke's heraldic animal, a golden swan , on top . The church has been rebuilt several times in the past centuries. The oldest parts are estimated to be around 1300, and Svaneke Kapel is first mentioned in 1569 . The construction of the spire is dated to 1789. The old nave was also torn down in 1837 and replaced by an extended structure. The ship model attached to the church interior is typical of Bornholm churches and shows the population's strong ties to seafaring.
Close to the port is the fish smokehouse, the five significant chimneys of which are the symbol of Svaneke. This is also where the old jumps are located, on which cannons are still positioned. However , they were not used when the British attacked the island's coastal cities (as a result of the 1801 naval battle of Copenhagen ). The guard from 1841 also served as an ammunition store.
In the south of the city, near the Hullehavn, stands the 18-meter-high lighthouse from 1918. Before that, there had been a series of shipwrecks along the rocky Bornholm coast. In 2010 the lighthouse ceased operations and was put up for sale.
In the northern part of the city, the cone-shaped water tower made of reinforced concrete - like a large sea mark - towers over the roofs of the city. The modernist building was designed in 1952 by the Danish architect Jörn Utzon . In this area there are also two windmills, a post mill from 1634 and the Dutch windmill Svanemøllen from 1877.
Svaneke lighthouse
Monument to Johan Nicolai Madvig
Birth house of the painter Oluf Høst in Svaneke
Smokehouse at the port
Water tower
Vigehavn, in the background Svanemøllen and the water tower
Svanemøllen
Manhole cover in Svaneke with swan and fish hook
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Development of the population and occupational groups
The population development of Svaneke was recorded for the first time in 1770 with around 600 inhabitants. By 1890, the population grew to around 1,300 and then fell steadily to 1,067 (as of January 1, 2012).
Development of professional groups in Svaneke in%:
| Occupational group | 1890 | 1960 | 1984 | 2002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & Fisheries | 22% | 14% | 22% | 13% |
| Craft & Industry | 34% | 27% | 26% | 26% |
| Trade & Transport | 20% | 37% | 20% | 20% |
| Administration & Service | 6% | 20% | 31% | 40% |
| Other | 18% | 2% | 1 % | 1 % |
| total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
literature
R. Egevang: The old Svaneke. National Museum, Copenhagen 1974 (A tour through the city describes the structural features of the old half-timbered houses and their stories.)
Web links
- Official website of Svaneke (Danish)
- Svaneke Danish Center for City History (Danish)
- Svaneke Harbor (sea map) Regional Municipality Bornholm
Individual evidence
- ↑ Statistics banks -> Befolkning og valg -> BY1: Folketal January 1st efter byområde, alder og køn (Danish)
- ↑ a b c R. Egevang: The old Svaneke . National Museum, Copenhagen 1974.
- ↑ a b c d e H. Klüche: Bornholm . Goldstadt Travel Guide, Volume 86, Munich 1993.
- ↑ a b c d dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk , Dansk Center for byhistorie.
- ↑ Svaneke Bolcher's website. Retrieved January 6, 2013 .
- ↑ Stormfloden on Bornholm 1872 . ( Memento from May 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Bornholms Museum.
- ↑ T. Sävert: Baltic Sea storm surge 1872 .
- ↑ bornholmerguiden.dk
- ↑ fyrtaarne.dk history of the lighthouse.
- ↑ Historien om Svaneke Fyr svanekesvenner.dk.
- ^ NH Larsen: Svaneke history . (PDF; 975 kB) Svanemøllen, 2010.
