Systematics of the amphibians
The systematics of the amphibians is shown here using the living ( recent ) amphibians or amphibians, usually called " Lissamphibia " as a taxon . The inclusion of all fossil groups that are called amphibians is no longer justified according to modern taxonomic criteria, since the corresponding group would also include the ancestors of the amniotes . In order to avoid confusion, this overarching group is no longer called Amphibia, but Tetrapoda . The modern, recent amphibians, however, form a monophyletic taxon, i.e. a closed community of descent.
The systematics, traditionally based only on morphological comparisons , has been partially changed by the new methods of phylogenomics , which seeks to determine the relationships based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences, compared to traditional ideas. The representation chosen here follows the websites Amphibian Species of the World and AmphibiaWeb as well as the systematics based largely on them in the global list Animal Biodiversity by Zhang et al. in 2013. In the, few, cases of differing classifications, a notice may be given.
The representation is made up to the family level , in some cases the subfamily. More detailed breakdowns can be found in the linked articles.
Class Lurche , Amphibia Gray, 1825 i. e. S.
equal to subclass Lissamphibia Haeckel, 1866
(Sorting within the same rank alphabetically according to scientific names)
Order Schleichlurche (= blind burrows), Gymnophiona Müller, 1832
- Family earthworms (Caeciliidae Rafinesque, 1814)
- Family Chikilidae Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson & Biju, 2012 (not yet included in Zhang et al. 2011)
- Family Dermophiidae Taylor, 1969
- Herpelidae Laurent family , 1984
- Fish rooting family (Ichthyophiidae Taylor, 1968)
- Family Indotyphlidae Lescure, Renous & Gasc, 1986
- Nose rooting family (Rhinatrematidae Nussbaum, 1977)
- Grave burrows family (Scolecomorphidae Taylor, 1969)
- Family Siphonopidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Typhlonectidae Taylor family , 1968
Order salamander , Caudata Fischer von Waldheim, 1813
- Family transverse newts (Ambystomatidae gray, 1850)
- Family giant transverse newts (Dicamptodontidae Tihen, 1958) (in Amphibian Species of the World included as subfamily Dicamptodontinae in the Ambystomatidae)
- Family eel newts (Amphiumidae Gray, 1825)
- Giant salamander family (Cryptobranchidae Fitzinger, 1826)
- Family Asiatic salamander (Hynobiidae Cope, 1859)
- Family lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae gray, 1850)
- Subfamily Hemidactyliinae Hallowell, 1856
- Subfamily Plethodontidinae Gray, 1850
- Olme family (Proteidae Gray, 1825)
- Family Rhyacotritonidae Tihen, 1958
- Family real salamanders and newts (Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820)
- Subfamily Pleurodelinae Tschudi, 1838
- Subfamily Salamandrinae Goldfuss, 1820
- Subfamily Salamandrininae Fitzinger, 1843
- Family sirenidae (Sirenidae Gray, 1825)
Order Froschlurche , Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813
- Toad family (Allophrynidae Savage, 1973)
- Alsodidae Mivart family , 1869
- Family midwife toads and common disc flippers (Alytidae Fitzinger, 1843)
- Family Aromobatidae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006 (at AmphibiaWeb subfamily of Dendrobatidae)
- Subfamily Anomaloglossinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Subfamily Aromobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Subfamily Allobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Long finger frog family (Arthroleptidae Mivart, 1869)
- Subfamily Arthroleptinae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Astylosterninae Noble, 1927
- Subfamily Leptopelinae Laurent, 1972
- Family tail frogs (Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923)
- Family Batrachylidae Gallardo, 1965
- Family Bombinatoridae Gray, 1825
- Family saddlebacks (Brachycephalidae Günther, 1858)
- Family short-headed frogs (Brevicipitidae Bonaparte, 1850)
- Family toads (Bufonidae Gray, 1825)
- Family Calyptocephalellidae Reig, 1960
- Family of glass frogs (Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951)
- Subfamily Centroleninae Taylor, 1951
- Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, & Vilà, 2009
- Family Ceratobatrachidae Boulenger, 1884
- Family Ceratophryidae Tschudi, 1838
- Family Ceuthomantidae Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch & Hedges, 2009 (in Amphibia Species of the World subfamily of Craugastoridae)
- Family Conrauidae Dubois, 1992
- Family Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008 (structure and scope unclear, assignment of the subfamilies Holoadeninae and Strabomantinae is controversial)
- Family Cycloramphidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Poison dart frog family (Dendrobatidae Cope, 1865)
- Subfamily Colostethinae Cope, 1867
- Subfamily Dendrobatinae Cope, 1865
- Subfamily Hyloxalinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Family Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871
- Subfamily Dicroglossinae Anderson, 1871
- Subfamily Occidozyginae Fei, Ye, & Huang, 1990
- Family Eleutherodactylidae Lutz, 1954
- Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae Lutz, 1954
- Subfamily Phyzelaphryninae Hedges, Duellman, & Heinicke, 2008
- Ghost frog family (Heleophrynidae noble, 1931)
- Family Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862
- Subfamily Cryptobatrachinae Frost et al., 2006
- Subfamily Hemiphractinae Peters, 1862
- Family Hemisotidae Cope, 1867
- Family tree frogs (Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815) (structure disputed. Families Pelodryadidae and Phyllomedusidae partly understood as subfamilies of Hylidae)
- Subfamily Acridinae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Dendropsophinae Fitzinger, 1843
- Subfamily Hylinae Rafinesque, 1815
- Subfamily Lophyohylinae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926
- Subfamily knick-toe tree frogs i. w. S. (Scinaxinae Duellman, Marion & Hedges, 2016)
- Family Hylodidae Günther, 1858
- Family reed frogs (Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943)
- Family leiopelmatidae (Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869)
- Family Leptodactylidae Werner, 1896 (subfamily Leiuperinae in Zhang et al. Regarded as a separate family)
- Subfamily Leiuperinae Bonaparte, 1850
- Subfamily Leptodactylinae Werner, 1896
- Subfamily Paratelmatobiinae Ohler & Dubois, 2012
- Family Australian southern frogs ( Limnodynastidae Lynch, 1969) (considered by Zhang et al. As a subfamily of the Myobatrachidae )
- Family Madagascar frogs (Mantellidae Laurent, 1946)
- Subfamily Boophinae Vences & Glaw, 2001
- Subfamily Laliostominae Vences & Glaw, 2001
- Subfamily Mantellinae Laurent, 1946
- Asian toad frog family (Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850)
- Micrixalidae family Dubois, Ohler & Biju, 2001
- Close- mouthed frog family (Microhylidae Günther, 1858)
- Subfamily Adelastinae Peloso et al., 2015
- Subfamily Papuan narrow-mouth frogs (Asterophryinae Günther, 1858)
- Subfamily Madagascar narrow -mouth frogs (Cophylinae Cope, 1889)
- Subfamily Chaperininae Peloso et al., 2015
- Subfamily deaf frogs (Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882)
- Subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843
- Subfamily Hoplophryninae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily real narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylinae Günther, 1858)
- Subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
- Subfamily reversible- necked frogs (Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931)
- Subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
- Family of Australian southern frogs (Myobatrachidae Schlegel, 1850)
- Family Nasikabatrachidae Biju & Bossuyt, 2003
- Family Nyctibatrachidae Blommers-Schlösser, 1993
- Subfamily Astrobatrachinae
- Subfamily Lancanectinae
- Subfamily Nyctibatrachinae
- Family Odontobatrachidae Barej, Schmitz, Günther, Loader, Mahlow & Rödel, 2014 (from Zhang et al. In Fam. Petropedetidae)
- Family Odontophrynidae Lynch, 1969
- European sea toads family (Pelobatidae bonaparte, 1850)
- Family Pelodryadidae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Litoriinae Dubois & Frétey, 2016
- Subfamily Pelodryadinae Günther, 1858
- Mud divers family (Pelodytidae Bonaparte, 1850)
- Family Petropedetidae Noble, 1931
- Family Phrynobatrachidae Laurent, 1941
- Griffin frogs family (Phyllomedusidae Günther, 1858)
- Tongueless family (Pipidae gray, 1825)
- Family Ptychadenidae Dubois, 1987
- Family Pyxicephalidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Subfamily Cacosterninae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Pyxicephalinae Bonaparte, 1850
- Family real frogs (Ranidae Rafinesque, 1814)
- Family Ranixalidae Dubois, 1987
- Family rowing frogs (Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932)
- Subfamily Buergeriinae Channing, 1989
- Subfamily Rhacophorinae Hoffman, 1932
- Family nose frogs (Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850)
- Toad family (Rhinophrynidae Günther, 1859)
- Family American spadefoot toad (Scaphiopodidae Cope, 1865)
- Family Seychelles frogs (Sooglossidae Noble, 1931)
- Telmatobiidae Fitzinger family , 1843
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. the comprehensive, current presentation in R. Alexander Pyron & John J. Wiens (2011): A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 543-583. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.06.012
- ^ Amphibian Species of the World , accessed February 3, 2017
- ↑ List of amphibian families from Amphibiaweb.org , accessed on February 3, 2017.
- ^ DC Blackburn & DB Wake: Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1-237.
Web links
- Amphibian Species of the World (in the current version)
- List of amphibian families from Amphibiaweb.org